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KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC --- MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS --- STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS --- GENTAMICINS --- KIDNEY FAILURE, ACUTE --- KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC --- MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS --- STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS --- GENTAMICINS --- KIDNEY FAILURE, ACUTE

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Although 30% of the healthy human population is colonized with various Staphylococcus species, some staphylococcal strains, referred to as opportunistic pathogens, can cause minor to life-threatening diseases. The pathogenicity of these bacteria depends on their virulence factors and the robustness of the regulatory networks expressing these virulence factors. Virulence factors of pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. consist of numerous toxins, enterotoxins (some of which act as superantigens), enzymes, and proteins (cytoplasmic, extracellular, and surface) that are regulated by two-component (TC) and quorum-sensing (QS) regulatory networks. To enter this niche, some other Staphylococcus species, such as Staphylococcus simulans, produce a potent endopeptidase called lysostaphin, which can inhibit the growth of pathogenic S. aureus. Some other Staphylococcus species produce autolysins and cationic peptides to win the intra- and inter-species competition. The outcome of this microbial invasion depends not only on pathogenic factors but also on the host’s internal and external defense mechanisms, including a healthy skin microbiome. A healthy skin microbiome population can prevent colonization by other major pathogens. As normal host microflora, these commensals establish a complex relationship with the host as well as the surrounding microbial communities. This Special Issue of Microorganisms is focused on studies and recent advancements in our understanding of staphylococcal virulence mechanisms that enable Staphylococcus spp. either to successfully establish themselves as a colonizer or to overcome the host’s defense system to cause infection along with our effort to make an anti-staphylococcal vaccine.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- biofilm --- MRSA --- silver ion --- silver sulfadiazine --- wound infections --- Staphylococcus aureus --- methicillin resistance --- human infection --- CC130 --- biomaterials --- medical devices --- HL-60 cells --- PMNs --- endotracheal tube --- titanium --- implantable devices --- nosocomial diseases --- Staphylococcus lugdunensis --- sortase A --- surface proteins --- LPXTG --- small colony variants --- influenza virus --- super-infection --- pro-inflammatory response --- rural Ghana --- molecular epidemiology --- chronic wounds --- invasive disease --- surgery-associated infection --- sepsis --- SA4Ag vaccine --- conjugated polysaccharide --- ClfA --- MntC --- protection --- animal models --- phase variation --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- microbiota --- multidrug resistance --- genome sequencing --- phylogenetic analyses --- arthroplasty surgery --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) --- CA-MRSA strain USA300 --- murine skin infection model --- dermatopathology --- dermonecrosis --- neutrophil --- host antibacterial response --- cytokine --- chemokine --- physiology --- metabolism --- carbon catabolite repression --- CcpA --- HPr --- colonization --- mouse --- JSNZ --- aurintricarboxylic acid --- ATA --- adhesion inhibitor --- mupirocin --- nose --- superantigen --- mastitis --- food intoxication --- regulation --- sec variants --- CM lipids --- daptomycin resistance --- resensitization --- biofilm --- MRSA --- silver ion --- silver sulfadiazine --- wound infections --- Staphylococcus aureus --- methicillin resistance --- human infection --- CC130 --- biomaterials --- medical devices --- HL-60 cells --- PMNs --- endotracheal tube --- titanium --- implantable devices --- nosocomial diseases --- Staphylococcus lugdunensis --- sortase A --- surface proteins --- LPXTG --- small colony variants --- influenza virus --- super-infection --- pro-inflammatory response --- rural Ghana --- molecular epidemiology --- chronic wounds --- invasive disease --- surgery-associated infection --- sepsis --- SA4Ag vaccine --- conjugated polysaccharide --- ClfA --- MntC --- protection --- animal models --- phase variation --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- microbiota --- multidrug resistance --- genome sequencing --- phylogenetic analyses --- arthroplasty surgery --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) --- CA-MRSA strain USA300 --- murine skin infection model --- dermatopathology --- dermonecrosis --- neutrophil --- host antibacterial response --- cytokine --- chemokine --- physiology --- metabolism --- carbon catabolite repression --- CcpA --- HPr --- colonization --- mouse --- JSNZ --- aurintricarboxylic acid --- ATA --- adhesion inhibitor --- mupirocin --- nose --- superantigen --- mastitis --- food intoxication --- regulation --- sec variants --- CM lipids --- daptomycin resistance --- resensitization

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Joint replacement is a very successful medical treatment. However, the survivorship of hip, knee, shoulder, and other implants is limited. The degradation of materials and the immune response against degradation products or an altered tissue loading condition as well as infections remain key factors of their failure. Current research in biomechanics and biomaterials is trying to overcome these existing limitations. This includes new implant designs and materials, bearings concepts and tribology, kinematical concepts, surgical techniques, and anti-inflammatory and infection prevention strategies. A careful evaluation of new materials and concepts is required in order to fully assess the strengths and weaknesses and to improve the quality and outcomes of joint replacements. Therefore, extensive research and clinical trials are essential. The main aspects that are addressed in this Special Issue are related to new material, design and manufacturing considerations of implants, implant wear and its potential clinical consequence, implant fixation, infection-related material aspects, and taper-related research topics. This Special Issue gives an overview of the ongoing research in those fields. The contributions were solicited from researchers working in the fields of biomechanics, biomaterials, and bio- and tissue-engineering.

Information technology industries --- electrocautery --- titanium alloy --- cobalt-chrome alloy --- fatigue behavior --- biomechanical study --- Vertebral body replacement (VBR) --- non metallic --- radiolucent --- CF/PEEK --- biomechanics --- tumor --- vertebral fracture --- spine --- calcium phosphate --- granules --- bone graft substitutes --- total hip arthroplasty --- implant deformation --- acetabulum --- Metasul --- 28 mm small head --- metal-on-metal THA --- cobalt --- chromium --- titanium --- blood metal ions --- inflammation --- cytokines --- metal particles --- metal ions --- synovium --- dual taper modular hip stem --- acetabular revision --- asymptomatic stem modularity --- decision making model --- threshold --- biomaterials --- arthroplasty --- orthopaedic tribology --- experimental simulation --- total knee replacement --- PEEK-OPTIMA™ --- UHMWPE --- third body wear --- modular acetabular cup --- poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) --- ceramics --- ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) --- strain distribution --- bone stock --- cup-inlay stability --- disassembly forces --- relative motion --- periprosthetic joint infections --- infection prophylaxis --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- in vivo osteomyelitis model --- metal wear --- retrieval study --- metal-on-metal articulation --- volumetric wear --- megaendoprosthesis --- total knee arthroplasty --- bone tumor --- Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis --- hip arthroplasty --- elementary geometrical shape model --- interchangeability --- head-taper junction --- migration --- ion implantation --- precision casting --- Ti6Al4V --- calcium --- phosphorus --- centrifugal casting --- porous implants --- tantalum --- hip replacement --- revision hip arthroplasty --- primary stability --- backside wear --- cross-linked --- total hip replacement --- hip cup system --- composite --- fibers --- polycarbonate-urethane --- meniscal replacement --- mechanical properties --- meniscus --- silicon nitride --- coating --- joint replacement --- wear --- adhesion --- trunnionosis --- trunnion failure --- fretting corrosion --- head-neck junction --- mechanically assisted crevice corrosion --- implant --- biomaterial --- corrosion --- residual stress --- taper connection --- anodic polarization --- surface treatment --- knee joint --- patellar component --- musculoskeletal multibody simulation --- patellofemoral joint --- polyetheretherketone --- fixation --- debonding --- implant-cement interface --- PMMA --- periprosthetic joint infection --- cement spacer --- articulating spacer --- hip spacer --- two-stage revision --- surface alteration --- surface roughness --- third-body wear --- zirconium oxide particles --- metal-on-cement articulation --- oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty --- bearing thickness --- retrieval analysis --- biomedical rheology --- viscosity --- bovine calf serum --- shear thinning --- numerical simulation --- electrocautery --- titanium alloy --- cobalt-chrome alloy --- fatigue behavior --- biomechanical study --- Vertebral body replacement (VBR) --- non metallic --- radiolucent --- CF/PEEK --- biomechanics --- tumor --- vertebral fracture --- spine --- calcium phosphate --- granules --- bone graft substitutes --- total hip arthroplasty --- implant deformation --- acetabulum --- Metasul --- 28 mm small head --- metal-on-metal THA --- cobalt --- chromium --- titanium --- blood metal ions --- inflammation --- cytokines --- metal particles --- metal ions --- synovium --- dual taper modular hip stem --- acetabular revision --- asymptomatic stem modularity --- decision making model --- threshold --- biomaterials --- arthroplasty --- orthopaedic tribology --- experimental simulation --- total knee replacement --- PEEK-OPTIMA™ --- UHMWPE --- third body wear --- modular acetabular cup --- poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) --- ceramics --- ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) --- strain distribution --- bone stock --- cup-inlay stability --- disassembly forces --- relative motion --- periprosthetic joint infections --- infection prophylaxis --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- in vivo osteomyelitis model --- metal wear --- retrieval study --- metal-on-metal articulation --- volumetric wear --- megaendoprosthesis --- total knee arthroplasty --- bone tumor --- Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis --- hip arthroplasty --- elementary geometrical shape model --- interchangeability --- head-taper junction --- migration --- ion implantation --- precision casting --- Ti6Al4V --- calcium --- phosphorus --- centrifugal casting --- porous implants --- tantalum --- hip replacement --- revision hip arthroplasty --- primary stability --- backside wear --- cross-linked --- total hip replacement --- hip cup system --- composite --- fibers --- polycarbonate-urethane --- meniscal replacement --- mechanical properties --- meniscus --- silicon nitride --- coating --- joint replacement --- wear --- adhesion --- trunnionosis --- trunnion failure --- fretting corrosion --- head-neck junction --- mechanically assisted crevice corrosion --- implant --- biomaterial --- corrosion --- residual stress --- taper connection --- anodic polarization --- surface treatment --- knee joint --- patellar component --- musculoskeletal multibody simulation --- patellofemoral joint --- polyetheretherketone --- fixation --- debonding --- implant-cement interface --- PMMA --- periprosthetic joint infection --- cement spacer --- articulating spacer --- hip spacer --- two-stage revision --- surface alteration --- surface roughness --- third-body wear --- zirconium oxide particles --- metal-on-cement articulation --- oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty --- bearing thickness --- retrieval analysis --- biomedical rheology --- viscosity --- bovine calf serum --- shear thinning --- numerical simulation