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The aim of this volume is to summarize the current status and future outlook of the reionization field on both the theoretical and observational fronts. It brings together leading experts in many sub-disciplines, highlighting the measurements that are likely to drive the growing understanding of reionization and the cosmic dawn, and lays out a roadmap to interpreting the wealth of upcoming observations. The birth of the first stars and galaxies, and their impact on the diffuse matter perme­ating the early Universe, is one of the final frontiers in cosmology. Recently, measure­ments of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), sourced only a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, provided robust insight into the overall physical content of our Universe. On the other end of the timeline, groundbreaking telescopes provide us a picture of the complexities of the galaxy-rich universe in which we now live. However, we know almost nothing about the astrophysics of the first billion years. During this relatively brief epoch, a tiny fraction of matter condensed inside the first galaxies, forming the first stars. This culminated in the final major phase change of our universe, cosmological reionization, which lifted the cosmic fog and allowed visible light to spread throughout space. This mysterious ep­och of reionization corresponds to the transition between the relative simplicity of the early universe and the complexity of the present-day one. It is fundamental in understanding cosmic origins, and its impact on structure formation resonates even to this day. Until recently, there was very little observational insight into the epoch of reionization. Subsequent observational and theoretical advancements have begun to paint a picture of a complicated, extended, inhomogeneous process. At its core, the process of cosmological reionization involves understanding how stars and clumps of gas impact each other and eventually the entire Universe. The challenges associated with such an enormous range of relevant scales, coupled with our relatively poor understanding of the dominant astrophysics, have thus far impeded efforts to form a solid theoretical framework. As such, the interpretation of the reionization data currently available remains controversial even as the wealth of data is increasing thanks to more sophisticated analytical and numerical approaches. Investigations have become subtler, discarding the “one size fits all” approach in favor of focused studies with specialized tools, placing astrophysics on the cusp of a dramatic increase in knowledge. What is the best use of limited observational resources? How to develop theoretical tools tailored for each observation? Ultimately, what will be learned about the epoch of reionization and the Universe’s galactic ancestors?

Astrophysics --- Astronomy - General --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics. --- Radiative transfer. --- Interstellar hydrogen. --- Cosmic background radiation. --- Quasars. --- QSOs (Astronomy) --- Quasi-stellar radio sources --- Background radiation, Cosmic --- Cosmic microwave background --- Cosmic microwave radiation --- Microwave background --- Transfer, Radiative --- Astronomical physics --- Epoch of reionization. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- EoR (Epoch of reionization) --- Reionization era --- Cosmogony --- Radio sources (Astronomy) --- Extraterrestrial radiation --- Hydrogen --- Interstellar matter --- Geophysics --- Heat --- Radiation --- Transport theory --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Radiation and absorption --- Astronomy.

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One of today’s leading astronomers takes readers inside the decades-long search for the first galaxies and the origin of starlightAstronomers are like time travelers, scanning the night sky for the outermost galaxies that first came into being when our universe was a mere fraction of its present age. When Galaxies Were Born is Richard Ellis’s firsthand account of how a pioneering generation of scientists harnessed the world’s largest telescopes to decipher the history of the universe and witness cosmic dawn, the time when starlight first bathed the cosmos and galaxies emerged from darkness.In a remarkable career spanning more than forty years, Ellis has made some of the most spectacular discoveries in modern cosmology. He has traveled the world to conduct observations in locales as beautiful and remote as the Australian outback, the Canary Islands, Hawaii, and the Chilean desert. In this book, he brings to life a golden age of astronomy, describing the triumphs and the technical setbacks, the rivalries with competing teams, and the perennial challenge of cloudy nights. Ellis reveals the astonishing progress we have made in building ever larger and more powerful telescopes, and provides a tantalizing glimpse of cosmic dawn.Stunningly illustrated with a wealth of dramatic photos, When Galaxies Were Born is a bold scientific adventure enlivened by personal insights and anecdotes that enable readers to share in the thrill of discovery at the frontiers of astronomy.

Astronomy --- Cosmology. --- Galaxies --- SCIENCE / Astronomy. --- Observations. --- Formation. --- Absorption band. --- Age of the universe. --- American Astronomical Society. --- Ammeter. --- Anglo-Australian Telescope. --- Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy. --- Astronomer Royal. --- Astronomer. --- Astronomy. --- Astrophysics. --- Atacama Desert. --- Atacama Large Millimeter Array. --- Automation. --- British Astronomical Association. --- CERN. --- California Institute of Technology. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- Chronology of the universe. --- Computation. --- Cosmic Evolution (book). --- Cosmic distance ladder. --- Cosmic dust. --- Cosmos Club. --- Diffusion. --- Earth's orbit. --- Ecliptic. --- Electron scattering. --- Elementary particle. --- Energy transition. --- Exploration. --- Flavour (particle physics). --- Galaxy 11. --- Galaxy cluster. --- Galaxy. --- General relativity. --- Goddard Space Flight Center. --- Gravitational lens. --- Gravity. --- Hale Telescope. --- Hawaii. --- Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics. --- Hubble Space Telescope. --- Hydrogen atom. --- Hydrogen spectral series. --- Institute for Astronomy. --- International Astronomical Union. --- Interstellar medium. --- James Webb Space Telescope. --- Jupiter. --- Las Campanas Observatory. --- Lowell Observatory. --- Ludwik Silberstein. --- Metric expansion of space. --- Molecule. --- Mount Stromlo Observatory. --- NIRCam. --- National Optical Astronomy Observatory. --- Neutrino. --- Nitrogen. --- Nucleosynthesis. --- Observational astronomy. --- Observatory. --- Optical telescope. --- Orbital period. --- Outer space. --- Palomar Observatory. --- Peculiar galaxy. --- Photon. --- Primary mirror. --- Quasar. --- Recessional velocity. --- Redshift survey. --- Redshift. --- Reflectance. --- Refracting telescope. --- Reionization. --- Result. --- Satellite galaxy. --- Semiconductor. --- Shape of the universe. --- Silicon. --- Solar neutrino. --- Space Telescope Science Institute. --- Spacecraft. --- Spaceflight. --- Spaceport. --- Spectrograph. --- Spherical aberration. --- Spitzer (bullet). --- Spitzer Space Telescope. --- Square Kilometre Array. --- Stellar classification. --- Stellar evolution. --- Structure formation. --- Sunrise. --- Switchgear. --- Telescope. --- The Astrophysical Journal. --- Twin Quasar. --- Very Large Telescope. --- Formation, Galactic --- Formation of galaxies --- Galactic formation --- Galaxy formation --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Evolution