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This ebook contains a series of original publications, reviews and mini-reviews by leaders in the field that address the growing importance of the plasminogen activating system in neurobiology. The articles included cover the role of the plasminogen activating system as a key modulator of blood brain barrier permeability, and the implications of this in traumatic brain injury and in ischemic stroke. State-of-the-Art manuscripts are also included that address the regulatory mechanisms that control this important process.This ebook contains a series of original publications, reviews and mini-reviews by leaders in the field that address the growing importance of the plasminogen activating system in neurobiology. The articles included cover the role of the plasminogen activating system as a key modulator of blood brain barrier permeability, and the implications of this in traumatic brain injury and in ischemic stroke. State-of-the-Art manuscripts are also included that address the regulatory mechanisms that control this important process.

blood brain barrier --- ischaemic stroke --- plasminogen activation --- Traumatic Brain Injury --- Neurobiology --- Neuroserpin --- tissue-type plasminogen activator

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Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Since early diagnosis and optimal treatment selection are crucial to improving the prognosis of these diseases, the discovery of useful biomarkers has the potential to greatly reduce their burden. Recent technical and mechanical developments have allowed for the detection of tiny differences in various factors modified in physical conditions, which could contribute to the discovery of novel biomarkers for some diseases.In this Special Issue, we aim to focus on novel biomarkers for GI cancers, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer and biliary cancer. In addition, any samples (tissue, blood, urine and feces) are useful as biomarker sources, although body-fluid-based biomarkers are promising as diagnostic biomarkers due to their noninvasiveness. This Special Issue aims to collect novel insights clarifying the current situation and future perspective in this field.

Medicine --- Oncology --- colorectal cancer --- advanced adenoma --- screening --- stool --- mRNA --- cancer screening --- cirrhosis --- AFP --- machine learning --- MALDI-TOF --- proteomics --- CXCR4 --- prognosis --- overall survival --- rectal cancer --- neoadjuvant chemoradiation --- mouse model --- biomarkers --- urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) --- urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) --- plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) --- circulating tumour cell (CTC) --- gastric cancer --- oesophageal cancer --- serine proteases --- tumour microenvironment --- serpins --- biomarker --- chemoresistance --- liquid biopsy --- microRNA --- long non-coding RNA --- colorectal neoplasms --- cancer screening tests --- early detection of cancer --- precision medicine --- unfolded protein --- hepatocellular cancer --- GSVA --- unfolded protein score --- epigenetic regulation genes --- somatic mutations --- molecular genetic markers --- extracellular vesicles --- microbiome --- 16S rRNA amplicon --- metagenomics --- liver fibrosis --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- recurrence --- SHG/TPEF microscopy --- artificial intelligence --- advanced gastric cancer --- targeted therapy --- urinary miRNA --- miR-129-1-3p --- miR-566

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Stress, high blood pressure, smoking, pollution, fast foods, overweight, excessive travelling, surgery, less movement are common features in our modern life. These features are risky for blood clotting disorders. According to WHO, over 29% of the total mortalities worldwide are due to thrombosis. By the year, 2020 cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) may cause an estimated 25 million deaths per year, thus antithrombotic therapy is of great interest. The available thrombolytic agents such as urokinase are highly expensive, antigenic, quite unspecific, pyretogenic and hemorrhagenic. Therefore, the production of fibrinolysing enzymes, which rapidly dissolute thrombi within the vascular tree, without the detriments by microorganisms, as described in this book, is the desirable aim of today’s research.

Fibrinolytic agents. --- Fibrinolytic agents --- Organisms --- Fibrin Modulating Agents --- Endopeptidases --- Hematologic Agents --- Plasminogen Activators --- Cardiovascular Agents --- Blood Coagulation Factors --- Therapeutic Uses --- Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action --- Peptide Hydrolases --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Blood Proteins --- Hydrolases --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Enzymes --- Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Fibrinolytic Agents --- Streptokinase --- Bacteria --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biology --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Thrombosis. --- Anticoagulants (Medicine) --- Antithrombotic agents --- Blood thinners --- Blood thinning drugs --- Antithrombotics --- Fibrinolytic enzymes --- Fibrinolytics --- Thrombolytic agents --- Thrombolytics --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Medical microbiology. --- Cardiology. --- Hematology. --- Biomedicine. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Human Physiology. --- Haematology --- Internal medicine --- Blood --- Heart --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Human body --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Diseases --- Hematologic agents --- Cardiovascular system --- Protein C deficiency --- Protein S deficiency --- Coagulation --- Microbiology. --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms

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Polypharmacy is a necessary and important aspect of drug treatment; however, it becomes a challenge when the medication risks outweigh the benefits for an individual patient. Drug–drug interactions and the introduction of prescribing cascades are common features of polypharmacy, which can lead to ineffectiveness and increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Genes encoding CYP450 isozymes and other drug-related biomarkers have attracted considerable attention as targets for pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing due to their impact on drug metabolism and response. This Special Issue is devoted to explore the status and initiatives taken to circumvent ineffectiveness and to improve medication safety for polypharmacy patients. Specific areas include drug–drug interactions and consequences thereof in therapeutic management, including PK- and PD-profiling; the application of PGx-based guidance and/or decision tools for drug–gene and drug–drug gene interactions; medication reviews; development and application of deprescribing tools; and drivers and barriers to overcome for successful implementation in the healthcare system.

Medicine --- Pharmaceutical industries --- acute kidney injury --- early biomarker --- plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin --- soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- medication optimization --- older patients --- emergency department --- multimorbidity --- polypharmacy --- potentially inappropriate medication use --- older adults --- prevalence --- determinants --- chronic --- outpatient --- 2019 Beers criteria --- Ethiopia --- pharmacogenomics --- persons with diabetes --- drug–drug interactions --- drug–gene interactions --- cytochrome P450 --- SLCO1B1 --- drug interaction checkers --- adverse drug reactions --- pharmacogenetics --- personalized medicine --- phenprocoumon --- DOACs --- bleeding --- thromboembolism --- HLA --- drug hypersensitivity --- abacavir --- allopurinol --- flucloxacillin --- antiepileptic drugs --- cost-effectiveness --- shared medication record --- medication reconciliation --- drug information service --- hospital pharmacy service --- electronic prescribing --- electronic medical record --- clinical pharmacist --- CYP2D6 --- CYP2D7P --- CYP2D8P --- copy number variation --- CNV --- genotyping --- 5’nuclease assay --- HRM --- high resolution melting --- drug metabolization --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- microvesicles --- pharmacogene expression --- medication review --- deprescriptions --- quality of life --- aged --- aged, 80 and over --- nursing homes --- deprescribing --- medication-based risk score --- health outcomes --- cytochromes --- CYP1A2 --- adverse drug reaction --- antipsychotics --- olanzapine --- clozapine --- loxapine --- children --- youth --- digital decision-support --- health services research --- general practice --- process evaluation --- antidepressants --- utility --- population-based --- appropriateness --- medication adherence --- digital health

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Cardiac biomarkers such as troponins and natiuretic peptides have made a great impact on clinical decision making as well as improving our understanding of molecular mechanisms of different disease conditions. However, the biomarkers that are currently in use do not reflect all the multiple disease pathways that are involved in a broad spectrum of cardiac disease conditions ranging from acute coronary syndrome, to heart failure (and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF), to pulmonary hypertension or arrhythmias. In this Special Issue, we will provide an overview of the current developments in the field of biomarker research, beginning with research on molecular pathways and cellular communication (e.g., microRNA) up to the clinical use of biomarkers.

Medicine --- diet quality --- ceramides --- obesity --- cardiovascular risk --- healthy eating index --- carbohydrate antigen-125 --- heart failure --- inflammatory marker --- older women --- biomarker --- cardiometabolic disease --- epicardial adipose tissue --- epicardial fat --- epicardial fat volume --- microRNA --- thyroid-stimulating hormone --- cardiometabolic risks --- metabolic syndrome --- hypertension --- very low-density lipoprotein --- STIM1 --- SOCE --- atrial myopathy --- atrial fibrillation --- ejection fraction --- soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) --- growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) --- soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) --- acute myocardial infarction --- biomarkers --- catestatin --- coronary artery disease --- heart failure decompensation --- left ventricular ejection fraction --- troponin --- NT-proBNP --- NYHA functional class --- GDF-15 --- cardiovascular surgery --- operative risk --- muscle wasting --- sarcopenia --- renal dysfunction --- chronic kidney disease --- aortic disease --- aneurysm --- miRNA --- TGF-β pathway --- KLF4 --- synthetic phenotype --- aortic regurgitation --- echocardiography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- vena contracta area --- longitudinal strain --- T1 mapping --- GDF8 --- myostatin --- AMI --- ceruloplasmin --- H-FABP --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein --- FABP3 --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- HF --- cardiac biomarkers --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- left ventricular systolic function --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- myocardial triglyceride content --- cell adhesion molecule --- repeated measurements --- pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A --- cohort studies --- cardiovascular diseases --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- circulating cells --- PBMCS --- platelets --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) --- herat failure --- liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein --- long-term outcomes --- cardiac intensive care units --- acute kidney injury --- myocardial infarction --- STEMI --- cardiovascular events --- cardiovascular death --- risk stratification --- sST2 --- Pentraxin-3 --- sudden cardiac death --- ventricular arrhythmia --- ventricular tachycardia --- chronic heart failure --- saliva --- salivary biomarkers --- CKD --- CVD --- PPCI --- left ventricular adverse remodelling --- circulating miRNAs --- NAFLD --- Framingham risk score --- risk prediction --- secondary prevention --- primary prevention --- NAFLD fibrosis score --- HFpEF --- HFrEF --- suPAR