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The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, is a central regulator for human physiological activity. Deregulated mTOR signaling is implicated in a variety of disorders, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. The papers published in this Special Issue summarize the current understanding of the mTOR pathway and its role in the regulation of tissue regeneration, regulatory T cell differentiation and function, and different types of cancer including hematologic malignancies, skin, prostate, breast, and head and neck cancer. The findings highlight that targeting mTOR pathway is a promising strategy to fight against certain human diseases.

Medicine --- mTOR --- histone deacetylase --- prostate cancer --- integrins --- adhesion --- invasion --- cell metabolism --- T cells --- Foxp3 --- Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia --- targeted therapy --- metabolism --- cell signalling --- mTOR signalling --- head and neck cancer --- mutant genes --- biomarkers --- targeted therapies --- clinical trials --- cancers --- inhibitors --- photodynamic therapy --- PI3K --- Akt --- skin cancers --- phytochemicals --- melanoma --- basal cell carcinoma --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Merkel cell carcinoma --- TNBC --- eribulin --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- everolimus --- combination --- synergy --- mTOR signaling --- tissue regeneration --- neuron --- muscle --- liver --- intestine --- hematologic malignancies --- regulatory T cells --- tumor --- mTOR --- histone deacetylase --- prostate cancer --- integrins --- adhesion --- invasion --- cell metabolism --- T cells --- Foxp3 --- Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia --- targeted therapy --- metabolism --- cell signalling --- mTOR signalling --- head and neck cancer --- mutant genes --- biomarkers --- targeted therapies --- clinical trials --- cancers --- inhibitors --- photodynamic therapy --- PI3K --- Akt --- skin cancers --- phytochemicals --- melanoma --- basal cell carcinoma --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Merkel cell carcinoma --- TNBC --- eribulin --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- everolimus --- combination --- synergy --- mTOR signaling --- tissue regeneration --- neuron --- muscle --- liver --- intestine --- hematologic malignancies --- regulatory T cells --- tumor

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The search for bioactive secondary metabolites from marine organisms has been an active area of research since the 1950s. The distinct biodiversity of the marine environment has afforded a vast array of unique secondary metabolites, many of which possess potent biological activities. This Special Issue of Marine Drugs will highlight recent bioactive marine natural product studies conducted by southern hemisphere scientists on an array of marine organisms.

Medicine --- Sinularia --- Alcyoniidae --- anticancer activity --- lobane --- cembrane --- diterpene --- conotoxins --- ShK toxin --- ion channels --- docking --- molecular dynamics --- potential of mean force --- free energy perturbation --- bioactivity --- biosynthesis --- brominated secondary metabolites --- choline ester --- indole --- sea cucumber --- viscera --- saponins --- mass spectrometry --- MALDI --- ESI --- HPCPC --- triterpene glycosides --- structure elucidation --- bioactive compounds --- marine invertebrate --- Echinodermata --- holothurian --- Cnemidocarpa stolonifera --- taurine amide --- PC3 cell line --- immunofluorescence assay --- thiaplidiaquinone --- Aplidium --- ascidian --- thiazinoquinone --- apoptosis --- Jurkat --- cytotoxicity --- malaria --- farnesyltransferase --- synthesis --- thiaplakortone --- regioisomer --- tricyclic --- natural product scaffold --- X-ray --- crystal --- Plasmodium falciparum --- antiplasmodial --- cephalostatin --- mandelalide --- methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA PK --- bisindole alkaloids --- salternamide A (SA) --- HIF-1α --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR --- p42/p44 MAPK --- STAT3 --- cell death --- Sinularia --- Alcyoniidae --- anticancer activity --- lobane --- cembrane --- diterpene --- conotoxins --- ShK toxin --- ion channels --- docking --- molecular dynamics --- potential of mean force --- free energy perturbation --- bioactivity --- biosynthesis --- brominated secondary metabolites --- choline ester --- indole --- sea cucumber --- viscera --- saponins --- mass spectrometry --- MALDI --- ESI --- HPCPC --- triterpene glycosides --- structure elucidation --- bioactive compounds --- marine invertebrate --- Echinodermata --- holothurian --- Cnemidocarpa stolonifera --- taurine amide --- PC3 cell line --- immunofluorescence assay --- thiaplidiaquinone --- Aplidium --- ascidian --- thiazinoquinone --- apoptosis --- Jurkat --- cytotoxicity --- malaria --- farnesyltransferase --- synthesis --- thiaplakortone --- regioisomer --- tricyclic --- natural product scaffold --- X-ray --- crystal --- Plasmodium falciparum --- antiplasmodial --- cephalostatin --- mandelalide --- methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA PK --- bisindole alkaloids --- salternamide A (SA) --- HIF-1α --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR --- p42/p44 MAPK --- STAT3 --- cell death

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To celebrate its 10th anniversary, the prestigious journal Cells launched a series of Special Issues in 2021. The Special Issue entitled “10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Cell Cycle” was launched together with other sister Special Issues under the umbrella “10th Anniversary of Cells.” The cell cycle is a series of events that drives cells to divide and produce two new daughter cells. The typical cell cycle in eukaryotes is composed of the following phases: G1, S, G2, and M phases. Cell cycle progression is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their regulatory cyclin subunits. CDKs, such as CDK4/6, CDK2, and CDK1 (also known as CDC2), are serine/threonine kinases with a wide variety of substrates. CDKs are activated mainly by binding to their cyclin partners, whose expressions rise and fall throughout the cell cycle to mediate the temporal activation of each CDKs. Various cell cycle checkpoints exist to ensure that critical processes are engaged prior to progression to the next phase. These cell cycle checkpoints are the G1 (restriction) checkpoint, the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint, and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC).This Special Issue attracted the attention of many scientists in the cell cycle field and consists of 10 high quality papers, including four research articles and six scientific reviews: a great success. The four research articles focus on various important topics of the cell cycle using a broad range of model organisms, including yeast, sea urchins, green algae, and human cancer cell lines.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- microalgae --- Desmodesmus quadricauda --- cell cycle --- starch --- lipids --- polyphosphate --- guanine --- confocal Raman microscopy --- prenatal life --- perinatal life --- 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine --- cerebellar neuroepithelium --- external granular layer --- neurogenetic timetables --- neurogenetic gradients --- apoptosis --- M2 muscarinic receptor --- glioblastoma --- aberrant mitosis --- mitotic spindle --- Leishmania spp. --- leishmaniases --- telomeres --- telomerase --- growth factors --- receptor tyrosine kinases --- G1 phase --- S phase --- G2 phase --- M phase --- Ras/Erk --- PI3K/Akt --- vitelline layer --- fertilization --- sea urchin eggs --- plasticity --- Ca2+ signaling --- actin --- DTT --- TCEP --- BPA-C8-Cy3 --- electron microscopy --- Nud1 --- Cdc15 --- MEN --- mitotic exit --- Dbf2 --- Mob1 --- spindle position checkpoint --- HSF1 --- HSF2 --- cell cycle arrest --- APC/C complex --- CDK --- CTD phosphatase --- RNA polymerase II --- CTD code --- transcription --- LDIR --- hormesis --- cancer --- p21Waf1(CDKN1A) --- n/a --- 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine

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This ebook includes original research articles and reviews to update readers on the state of the art systems approach to not only discover novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for several cancer types, but also evaluate methodologies to map out important genomic signatures. In addition, therapeutic targets and drug repurposing have been emphasized for a variety of cancer types. In particular, new and established researchers who desire to learn about cancer systems biology and why it is possibly the leading front to a personalized medicine approach will enjoy reading this book.

Medicine --- Sestrin2 --- lung cancer --- knockdown --- cancer progression --- bioinformatics --- patient survival --- lung adenocarcinoma --- circulating miR-1246 --- glycosaminoglycan binding --- prognosis --- PI3K-Akt signaling pathways --- TargetScan --- UBE2C --- cancer systems biology --- experimental model systems --- next-generation sequencing --- single-cell sequencing --- patient-derived xenografts --- patient-derived organoids --- triple-negative breast cancer --- personalized medicine --- computational methods --- drug repurposing --- clinical trials --- cancer stem cells --- ETS --- Elk-1 --- stem cell --- microarray --- brain-tumor-initiating cell (BTIC) --- pancreatic cancer --- systems biology --- omics --- biomarker --- genomics --- transcriptomics --- proteomics --- metabolomics --- glycomics --- metagenomics --- Ets --- PEA3 --- Ets-1 --- glioma --- optical genome mapping --- solid tumors --- cancer genomics --- breast --- ovarian --- cancer --- TCGA --- non-small-cell lung cancer --- lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) --- lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) --- differential expression --- SNV --- CNV --- risk group --- signature --- survival --- renal cancers --- protein interactome --- diagnostic biomarker --- prognostic biomarker --- virtual screening --- docking --- acute myeloid leukemia --- Boolean model --- drug resistance --- network --- Sestrin2 --- lung cancer --- knockdown --- cancer progression --- bioinformatics --- patient survival --- lung adenocarcinoma --- circulating miR-1246 --- glycosaminoglycan binding --- prognosis --- PI3K-Akt signaling pathways --- TargetScan --- UBE2C --- cancer systems biology --- experimental model systems --- next-generation sequencing --- single-cell sequencing --- patient-derived xenografts --- patient-derived organoids --- triple-negative breast cancer --- personalized medicine --- computational methods --- drug repurposing --- clinical trials --- cancer stem cells --- ETS --- Elk-1 --- stem cell --- microarray --- brain-tumor-initiating cell (BTIC) --- pancreatic cancer --- systems biology --- omics --- biomarker --- genomics --- transcriptomics --- proteomics --- metabolomics --- glycomics --- metagenomics --- Ets --- PEA3 --- Ets-1 --- glioma --- optical genome mapping --- solid tumors --- cancer genomics --- breast --- ovarian --- cancer --- TCGA --- non-small-cell lung cancer --- lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) --- lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) --- differential expression --- SNV --- CNV --- risk group --- signature --- survival --- renal cancers --- protein interactome --- diagnostic biomarker --- prognostic biomarker --- virtual screening --- docking --- acute myeloid leukemia --- Boolean model --- drug resistance --- network

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MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have important roles in almost all biological pathways. Deregulated miR expression has been detected in numerous cancers, where miRs act as both oncogene and tumor suppressors. Due to their important roles in tumorigenesis, miRs have been investigated as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and as useful targets for therapeutic intervention. From a therapeutic point of view, two modalities can serve to rectify gene networks in cancer cells. For oncomiRs, a rational means is downregulation through antagomirs. Moreover, observations of the pathological reductions in tumor-suppressive miRs have inspired the concept of “miR replacement therapy” to enhance the amount of these miRs, thereby restoring them to normal levels. However, the clinical applicability of miR-based therapies is severely limited by the lack of effective delivery systems. Therefore, to understand the role of this new class of regulators, we need to identify the mRNA targets regulated by individual miRs as well as to develop specific, efficient, and safe delivery systems for therapeutic miRs.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Breast cancer --- Hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) --- MicroRNA (miRNA) --- miR526b --- miR655 --- Oxidative stress --- Migration --- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) --- Prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) --- PI3K/Akt --- adipokines --- endometrial cancer --- estrogens --- hyperinsulinemia --- insulin --- insulin resistance --- insulin signaling --- insulin-like growth factors --- microRNA --- miRNA --- ovarian cancer --- survival --- prognostic factor --- serum LDH --- blood biomarker --- circulating microRNA --- plasma --- immunotherapy --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- metastatic melanoma --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- metastasis --- exosome --- bioinformatics analysis --- renal cancer --- RCC --- ccRCC --- meta-analysis --- miRNAs --- normal B-cell development --- B-CLL --- miRNA-transcription factor network --- regulation --- biomarker --- therapy --- prognosis --- diagnosis --- progression --- prediction --- smoking --- non-small cell lung cancer --- methylation --- miR-584-5p --- YKT6 --- snoRNA --- 2'-O-methylation --- pseudouridylation --- malignant melanoma --- cancer stem cell --- stemness --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- colon cancer --- cancer stem cells --- microRNAs --- deformability --- PARP --- replication stress --- targeted therapy --- breast cancer --- circulating biomarkers --- medulloblastoma --- brain tumour --- subgroups --- stem cells --- Breast cancer --- Hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) --- MicroRNA (miRNA) --- miR526b --- miR655 --- Oxidative stress --- Migration --- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) --- Prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) --- PI3K/Akt --- adipokines --- endometrial cancer --- estrogens --- hyperinsulinemia --- insulin --- insulin resistance --- insulin signaling --- insulin-like growth factors --- microRNA --- miRNA --- ovarian cancer --- survival --- prognostic factor --- serum LDH --- blood biomarker --- circulating microRNA --- plasma --- immunotherapy --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- metastatic melanoma --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- metastasis --- exosome --- bioinformatics analysis --- renal cancer --- RCC --- ccRCC --- meta-analysis --- miRNAs --- normal B-cell development --- B-CLL --- miRNA-transcription factor network --- regulation --- biomarker --- therapy --- prognosis --- diagnosis --- progression --- prediction --- smoking --- non-small cell lung cancer --- methylation --- miR-584-5p --- YKT6 --- snoRNA --- 2'-O-methylation --- pseudouridylation --- malignant melanoma --- cancer stem cell --- stemness --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- colon cancer --- cancer stem cells --- microRNAs --- deformability --- PARP --- replication stress --- targeted therapy --- breast cancer --- circulating biomarkers --- medulloblastoma --- brain tumour --- subgroups --- stem cells