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The gas phase direct hydroxylation of benzene into phenol with hydrogen and oxygen, as initially described by Niwa in 2002, was realized in a newly developed double-membrane reactor. In the concept described by Niwa, a dense Pd membrane is used for the (safe) dosage of dissociated hydrogen species into the tubular reaction zone, where it reacts with gas phase oxygen to form surface species capable of directly converting benzene into phenol in a single-step process.

Pd-Membran --- Katalyse --- Phenol --- Benzol

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The neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are the most common forms of dementia and no pharmacological treatments are to date available for these diseases. Indeed, the only used drugs are symptomatic and no useful to block the progression of the diseases. The lack of a therapeutic approach is also due to a lack of an early diagnosis. This Research Topic describes a new target that is involved in the firs step of these disorders and that can be useful for the treatment and the diagnosis of such pathologies: the cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 or CB2R. Indeed, CB2R is overexpressed in reactive microglia and activated astrocytes during neuroinflammation and thus their detection by PET probes can be an easily strategy for an early diagnosis of neurodegeneration. Moreover, CB2 agonists and inverse agonists displayed neuroprotective effects and they so can be candidated as new therapeutich drugs for the treatment of these pathologies. Therefore, the aim of this Research Topic is to show the great potential of CB2R ligands for the development of new tools/drugs for both the therapy and the diagnosis of neurodegeneration.

Cannabinod system --- CB2 receptor --- CB2R inverse --- AD --- PD --- neurodegeneration --- CB2R agonist --- Inflammation --- Cannabinod system --- CB2 receptor --- CB2R inverse --- AD --- PD --- neurodegeneration --- CB2R agonist --- Inflammation

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Palladium (Pd)-based membranes have received a great deal of attention from both academia and industry thanks to their ability to selectively separate hydrogen from gas streams. The integration of such membranes with appropriate catalysts in membrane reactors allows for hydrogen production with CO2 capture that can be applied in smaller bioenergy or combined heat and power (CHP) plants, as well as in large-scale power plants. Pd-based membranes are therefore regarded as a Key Enabling Technology (KET) to facilitate the transition towards a knowledge-based, low-carbon, and resource-efficient economy. This Special Issue of the journal Membranes on “Pd-based Membranes: Overview and Perspectives” contains nine peer-reviewed articles. Topics include manufacturing techniques, understanding of material phenomena, module and reactor design, novel applications, and demonstration efforts and industrial exploitation.

hydrides --- membrane --- Pd-Ag membranes --- electroless plating --- defect distribution --- hydrogen --- hydrogen production --- suspension plasma spraying --- chemical potential --- review --- grain boundary --- manufacturing --- palladium --- LOHC --- palladium alloy --- open architecture --- PdAg-membrane --- hydrogen permeation --- modelling --- membranes --- pore mouth size distribution --- MLLDP --- solubility --- closed architecture --- demonstration --- Pd-based membrane --- methanol steam reforming --- activity --- micro reactor --- microstructured --- hydrogen separation --- membrane reactors --- Pd alloy --- hydrogen purification --- palladium-based membrane --- gas to liquid --- dense Pd membrane --- propylene --- heat treatment --- surface characterization --- porous membrane --- multi-stage --- membrane reactor --- dehydrogenation --- hydrides --- membrane --- Pd-Ag membranes --- electroless plating --- defect distribution --- hydrogen --- hydrogen production --- suspension plasma spraying --- chemical potential --- review --- grain boundary --- manufacturing --- palladium --- LOHC --- palladium alloy --- open architecture --- PdAg-membrane --- hydrogen permeation --- modelling --- membranes --- pore mouth size distribution --- MLLDP --- solubility --- closed architecture --- demonstration --- Pd-based membrane --- methanol steam reforming --- activity --- micro reactor --- microstructured --- hydrogen separation --- membrane reactors --- Pd alloy --- hydrogen purification --- palladium-based membrane --- gas to liquid --- dense Pd membrane --- propylene --- heat treatment --- surface characterization --- porous membrane --- multi-stage --- membrane reactor --- dehydrogenation

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Conventional lung cancer treatments were once limited to surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. However, gefitinib, a targeted drug, was launched in 2004, and the situation changed. Cancer cases that were highly responsive to gefitinib were later discovered to have epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. This discovery opened the door for biomarker-based treatment strategies. Subsequently, several EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) were developed, and they became a new mainstay of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. In recent years, many mechanisms of resistance to EGFR-TKI have been elucidated; a mutation in the T790M gene at exon 20 is found in half of the resistant cases. Hence, osimertinib, which specifically inhibits EGFR despite this T790M gene mutation, was developed to achieve long-term progression-free survival. Other driver mutations that are similar to the EGFR mutation were discovered, including the EML4-ALK fusion gene (discovered in 2007), ROS1 gene, and BRAF gene mutations. The TKIs for each of these fusion genes were developed and are used as therapeutic agents. Another advancement in advanced non-small cell lung cancer is the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Four PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, including nivolumab, are currently available for treatment of lung cancer. These drugs prevent an escape from the cancer immunity cycle. This ensures that cancer cells will express cancer antigens, causing an anticancer immune response. Due to cancer immunotherapy, long-term survival is possible. The biomarker development for cancer immunotherapy and its side effects are actively being studied.

Medicine --- non-small cell lung cancer --- previously treated patients --- phase I/II trial --- chemotherapy --- docetaxel --- S-1 --- immunotherapy --- rechallenge --- retrospective analysis --- pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma --- prognostic factor --- glucose transporter 1 --- lung cancer --- multiple cancers --- metastasis --- sequencing --- mutation --- genomic diagnosis --- FDG-PET --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- prognosis --- RAD51B methylation --- PD-L1 expression --- predictive biomarker --- PD-1 blockade --- interstitial lung disease --- pulmonary fibrosis --- radiology and other imaging --- non-small-cell lung cancer --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- TP53 mutations --- responsiveness --- targeted therapy --- network meta-analysis --- stage IIIA-N2 --- surgery --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- nonsmall cell lung cancer --- HIP1R --- PD-L1 --- RUNX1 --- methylation --- survival --- EGFR-TKI --- T790M --- osimertinib --- immune-related adverse events --- endocrine disorders --- tumor-bearing patients --- PD-1 inhibitors --- PD-L1 inhibitors --- meta-analysis --- nivolumab --- Expanded Access Program --- real-world data --- daily practice --- prognostic factors --- NSCLC --- KRAS --- DNA polymerase beta --- platinum-based first-line --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- β-catenin --- lung neoplasms --- nucleotide-diphosphate kinase --- recurrence --- unresectable --- salvage surgery --- oligometastasis --- non-small cell lung cancer --- previously treated patients --- phase I/II trial --- chemotherapy --- docetaxel --- S-1 --- immunotherapy --- rechallenge --- retrospective analysis --- pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma --- prognostic factor --- glucose transporter 1 --- lung cancer --- multiple cancers --- metastasis --- sequencing --- mutation --- genomic diagnosis --- FDG-PET --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- prognosis --- RAD51B methylation --- PD-L1 expression --- predictive biomarker --- PD-1 blockade --- interstitial lung disease --- pulmonary fibrosis --- radiology and other imaging --- non-small-cell lung cancer --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- TP53 mutations --- responsiveness --- targeted therapy --- network meta-analysis --- stage IIIA-N2 --- surgery --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- nonsmall cell lung cancer --- HIP1R --- PD-L1 --- RUNX1 --- methylation --- survival --- EGFR-TKI --- T790M --- osimertinib --- immune-related adverse events --- endocrine disorders --- tumor-bearing patients --- PD-1 inhibitors --- PD-L1 inhibitors --- meta-analysis --- nivolumab --- Expanded Access Program --- real-world data --- daily practice --- prognostic factors --- NSCLC --- KRAS --- DNA polymerase beta --- platinum-based first-line --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- β-catenin --- lung neoplasms --- nucleotide-diphosphate kinase --- recurrence --- unresectable --- salvage surgery --- oligometastasis

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Lymphocytes constantly survey the lymph nodes in search for potential infection by a pathogen. They enter the afferent lymphatic vessel that serves as a conduit to transport the motile lymphocytes to the draining lymph node. Lymphatic vessels (LVs) are present in most vascularized tissues. They are traditionally regarded as passive conduits for soluble antigens and leukocytes. Afferent LVs begin as blind ended capillaries, which give rise to collecting vessels that merge and connect with draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Initial lymphatic capillaries are composed of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs) connected by discontinuous cell junctions, which join to form larger collecting lymphatic vessels, and ultimately feed into the LN subcapsular sinus. Within the LN, LECs are localized to the subcapsular, cortical, and medullary sinuses, where they interact with incoming and exiting leukocytes. LECs, and in general LN stromal cells, have emerged in the recent years as active players in the immune response. In support to this,studies have shown that the immune response generated during inflammation and under pathologic conditions is accompanied by modeling of the LVs and generation of new lymphatics, a process known as lymphangiogenesis. These facts strongly suggest that LECs and stromal LN cells in general, are not inert players but rather are part of the immune response by organizing immune cells movement, exchanging information and supplying survival factors. The purpose of this research topic is to review the role of the LECs during immune homeostasis and cancer. Considering the critical role of lymphangiogenesis in many pathologies like chronic and acute inflammation, autoimmunity, wound healing, graft rejection, and tumor metastasis, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that govern the cross talks between the LECs and immune cells during homeostasis and inflammation.

Liver Injury --- Lymphatic Vessels --- Lymphatic Vasculature --- Tumor Microenvironment --- PD-L1 --- Antigen Presenting Cells --- Lymphatic Endothelial Cells --- T cell trafficking --- T cells --- Liver Injury --- Lymphatic Vessels --- Lymphatic Vasculature --- Tumor Microenvironment --- PD-L1 --- Antigen Presenting Cells --- Lymphatic Endothelial Cells --- T cell trafficking --- T cells