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Dead-Reckoning aided with Doppler velocity measurement has been the most common method for underwater navigation for small vehicles. Unfortunately DR requires frequent position recalibrations and underwater vehicle navigation systems are limited to periodic position update when they surface. Finally standard Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers are unable to provide the rate or precision required when used on a small vessel. To overcome this, a low cost high rate motion measurement system for an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) with underwater and oceanographic purposes is proposed. The proposed onboard system for the USV consists of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) with accelerometers and rate gyros, a GPS receiver, a flux-gate compass, a roll and tilt sensor and an ADCP. Interfacing all the sensors proved rather challenging because of their different characteristics. The proposed data fusion technique integrates the sensors and develops an embeddable software package, using real time data fusion methods, for a USV to aid in navigation and control as well as controlling an onboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). While ADCPs non-intrusively measure water flow, the vessel motion needs to be removed to analyze the data and the system developed provides the motion measurements and processing to accomplish this task.

Oceanographic instruments. --- Oceanography -- Remote sensing. --- Ships -- Remote sensing. --- Vehicles, Remotely piloted -- Control. --- Wave-motion, Theory of. --- Oceanographic instruments --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Marine Science --- Oceanography --- Underwater navigation. --- Remote sensing. --- Navigation, Underwater --- Navigation (Underwater) --- Submarine navigation --- Engineering. --- Oceanography. --- Computer-aided engineering. --- Control engineering. --- Control. --- Signal, Image and Speech Processing. --- Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD, CAE) and Design. --- Navigation

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The book presents a wealth of material about the polar oceans, more specifically the ice-covered areas and peripheral seas. It provides a detailed history of the changing climate of the polar oceans as observed by satellite sensors in the last three decades. The satellite research data show spatial distributions of surface temperature, sea ice, albedo, chlorophyll concentration, clouds, ocean color and sea level pressure. The book discusses remote sensing techniques and algorithms used to transform digital data to geophysical parameters, to process and analyze the data, the limitations of these data and the enormous potential in the use of this data. The main goal of the book is the presentation of results from studies of the time evolution of polar surfaces as observed by satellite sensors and their relevance to the study of cryospheric and ocean processes and climate change. The book contains about 150 satellite images of surface parameters which reveal that from month to month and from one year to another the Earth is changing. Although the historical record of about three decades of continuous satellite observation is relatively short, these measurements have provided useful insights into the current state of the polar environment and have served as a powerful tool for studying the processes that govern the Earth’s climate system. The advent of even more sophisticated technology, including international ventures like the Global Earth Observation System of all Systems (GEOSS), will speed the progress. The advances in understanding of the Earth’s climate engine, including the crucial role played by the polar oceans, have been tremendous, and people look forward to being able to forecast effectively the state of the planet in the immediate and foreseeable future.

Earth Sciences. --- Oceanography. --- Meteorology/Climatology. --- Climate Change. --- Geography. --- Meteorology. --- Climatic changes. --- Géographie --- Météorologie --- Océanographie --- Climat --- Changements --- Oceanography --- Artificial satellites in oceanography --- Remote sensing --- Polar regions --- Artificial satellites in oceanography. --- Polar regions. --- Remote sensing. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Environmental aspects --- Rewriting systems (Computer science) --- Congresses --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Climate change. --- Atmospheric sciences --- Atmosphere --- Cold regions --- Global environmental change --- Oceanography - Remote sensing

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Remote Sensing of the Changing Oceans is a comprehensive account of the basic concepts, theories, methods and applications used in ocean satellite remote sensing. The book provides a synthesis of various new ideas and theories and discusses a series of key research topics in oceanic manifestation of global changes as viewed from space. A variety of research methods used in the analysis and modeling of global changes are introduced in detail along with numerous examples from around the world’s oceans. The authors review the changing oceans at different levels, including Global and Regional Observations, Natural Hazards, Coastal Environment and related scientific issues, all from the unique perspective of Satellite Observation Systems. Thus, the book not only introduces the basics of the changing oceans, but also new developments in satellite remote sensing technology and international cooperation in this emerging field.

Artificial satellites in oceanography. --- Coastal mapping. --- Coasts -- Geographic information systems. --- Oceanography -- Remote sensing -- Congresses. --- Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Marine Science --- Cartography --- Geography-General --- Oceanography --- Remote sensing. --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Geography. --- Climate change. --- Oceanography. --- Natural disasters. --- Coasts. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Natural Hazards. --- Coastal Sciences. --- Climate Change. --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics --- Geology. --- Climatic changes. --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Environmental aspects --- Natural calamities --- Disasters --- Coastal landforms --- Coastal zones --- Coastlines --- Landforms --- Seashore --- Global environmental change