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The Neanderthals populated western Europe from nearly 250,000 to 30,000 years ago when they disappeared from the archaeological record. In turn, populations of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens, came to dominate the area. Seeking to understand the nature of this replacement, which has become a hotly debated issue, Paul Mellars brings together an unprecedented amount of information on the behavior of Neanderthals. His comprehensive overview ranges from the evidence of tool manufacture and related patterns of lithic technology, through the issues of subsistence and settlement patterns, to the more controversial evidence for social organization, cognition, and intelligence. Mellars argues that previous attempts to characterize Neanderthal behavior as either "modern" or "ape-like" are both overstatements. We can better comprehend the replacement of Neanderthals, he maintains, by concentrating on the social and demographic structure of Neanderthal populations and on their specific adaptations to the harsh ecological conditions of the last glaciation. Mellars's approach to these issues is grounded firmly in his archaeological evidence. He illustrates the implications of these findings by drawing from the methods of comparative socioecology, primate studies, and Pleistocene paleoecology. The book provides a detailed review of the climatic and environmental background to Neanderthal occupation in Europe, and of the currently topical issues of the behavioral and biological transition from Neanderthal to fully "modern" populations.

Behavior evolution --- Human evolution --- Neanderthals --- Paleolithic period --- Philosophy. --- Europe --- Antiquities. --- Homo mousteriensis --- Homo neanderthalensis --- Homo primogenicus --- Homo sapiens neanderthalensis --- Neandertalers --- Neandertals --- Neanderthal race --- Neanderthalers --- Behavioral evolution --- Fossil hominids --- Evolutionary psychology --- Evolution (Biology) --- Physical anthropology --- Human beings --- Origin --- Philosophy --- Antiquities --- Neanderthals - Europe. --- Human evolution - Europe - Philosophy. --- Behavior evolution - Europe.

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Archaeology. --- Anthropology. --- Human beings --- Archeology --- Anthropology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Antiquities --- Shanidar Cave (Iraq) --- Iraq --- Discovery and exploration. --- Kurdistan --- Neanderthals --- Neanderthals. --- Antiquities. --- Shanidar Cave (Iraq). --- Homo mousteriensis --- Homo neanderthalensis --- Homo primogenicus --- Homo sapiens neanderthalensis --- Neandertalers --- Neandertals --- Neanderthal race --- Neanderthalers --- Fossil hominids --- Coordistan --- Koordistan --- Kordestān

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It is now widely accepted that by the later Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthals possessed a wide range of social and practical skills. More recently, researchers have become interested in how these skills actually emerged; in effect, the challenge now is to document the process by which Middle Pleistocene hominids ""became Neanderthals"". This book explores the development of classically Neanderthal behaviours in Europe between MIS 9-6, focusing on the British record, especially stone tools as durable residues of human action. As a geographically constrained study area, the progressively robust B

Paleolithic period --- Tools, Prehistoric --- Neanderthals --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Great Britain --- Antiquities. --- Homo mousteriensis --- Homo neanderthalensis --- Homo primogenicus --- Homo sapiens neanderthalensis --- Neandertalers --- Neandertals --- Neanderthal race --- Neanderthalers --- Fossil hominids --- Implements, Prehistoric --- Implements, utensils, etc., Prehistoric --- Prehistoric implements --- Prehistoric tools --- Eolithic period --- Old Stone age --- Palaeolithic period --- Stone age

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"Les données actuelles sur le peuplement de la péninsule italienne suggèrent un retard dans l'acquisition des autapomorphies néandertaliennes, lié à leur isolement géographique. En Europe, les premiers traits dérivés néandertaliens apparaissent il y a environ 450 ka alors qu'en Italie les spécimens présentent une morphologie archaïque par la présence de plésiomorphies et les premières autapomorphies seront individualisées qu'à partir du MIS 9 (350 ka ca.). Ce livre propose une révision des restes fossiles mandibulaires italiens attribués à Homo neanderthalensis : Guattari 2, Guattari 3, Fate 2, Fate 3 et Archi 1, afin de les replacer dans le contexte évolutif européen à travers une analyse morphologique et morphométrique. De plus, la présence de spécimens immatures amène à l'analyse de la croissance mandibulaire, sujet qui divise la communauté scientifique : certains auteurs définissent l'ontogenèse néandertalienne similaire à celle de l'homme moderne et d'autres mettent en évidence des trajectoires évolutives divergentes basées sur une précocité de maturation chez les Néandertaliens."--Back cover. "This book proposes a revision of Italian mandibular fossil remains attributed to Homo neanderthalensis - Guattari 2, Guattari 3, Fate 2, Fate 3 and Archi 1 - in order to place them in the European evolutionary context through a morphological and a morphometrical study."--Back cover.

Human remains (Archaeology) --- Neanderthals --- Mandible. --- Caves --- Antiquities, Prehistoric --- Finale Ligure (Italy) --- Guattari Cave (Italy) --- Archi (Calabria, Italy) --- Antiquities. --- Mandible --- Evolution --- Jaw, Lower --- Lower jaw --- Jaws --- Homo mousteriensis --- Homo neanderthalensis --- Homo primogenicus --- Homo sapiens neanderthalensis --- Neandertalers --- Neandertals --- Neanderthal race --- Neanderthalers --- Fossil hominids

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Neanderthals. --- Human beings --- Fossil hominids. --- Anthropology, Prehistoric. --- Human evolution. --- Evolution (Biology) --- Physical anthropology --- Evolutionary psychology --- Prehistoric anthropology --- Early man --- Fossil hominins --- Fossil man --- Hominids, Fossil --- Hominins, Fossil --- Human fossils --- Human remains (Archaeology) --- Primates, Fossil --- Paleoanthropology --- Antiquity of human beings --- Origin of human beings --- Human evolution --- Homo mousteriensis --- Homo neanderthalensis --- Homo primogenicus --- Homo sapiens neanderthalensis --- Neandertalers --- Neandertals --- Neanderthal race --- Neanderthalers --- Fossil hominids --- Origin. --- Origin --- Neanderthals --- Homme de neanderthal