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The growth of car use in several advanced economies has slowed down, stopped, or turned negative. The change can not be attributed to adverse economic conditions alone. Socio-demographic factors, including population ageing and changing patterns of education, working, and household composition matter. Rising urbanization and less car-oriented policies in some cities also reduce the growth of car use, perhaps combined with changing attitudes towards mobility. Some groups choose to use cars less, others are forced to. This report summarizes insights into the drivers of change in car use. It shows that explanations are place-specific, and that projections of future car use are increasingly uncertain. The task for policy-makers is to identify mobility strategies that are robust under an increasingly wide range of plausible scenarios.

Transportation, Automotive --- Economic aspects. --- Automotive transportation --- Highway transportation --- Motor carriers --- Motor transportation --- Road transportation --- Automobiles --- Social aspects

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Transportation, Automotive --- Trucks --- Environmental aspects. --- Energy conservation. --- Fuel consumption. --- Automotive transportation --- Highway transportation --- Motor carriers --- Motor transportation --- Road transportation --- Automobiles --- Social aspects

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This report examines existing regulatory approaches and then explores how performance standards might be used to improve regulatory outcomes. Under a performance-based approach to regulation, standards would specify the performance required from vehicle operations rather than mandating how this level of performance is to be achieved. More flexible performance-based regulations provide for increased innovation and more rapid adoption of new technologies. The report explores the regulatory reform processes in some countries that have led to more direct, outcome-oriented approaches to regulating road transport vehicles.

Transport --- Transportation, Automotive --- Trucking --- Commercial vehicles --- Transportation Economics --- Business & Economics --- Standards --- Commercial motor vehicles --- Road haulage --- Truck freight --- Trucking industry --- Automotive transportation --- Highway transportation --- Motor carriers --- Motor transportation --- Road transportation --- Freight --- Motor vehicles --- Vehicles --- Freight and freightage --- Automobiles --- Social aspects

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Today we can hardly imagine life in Europe without roads and the automobiles that move people and goods around. In fact, the vast majority of movement in Europe takes place on the road. Travelers use the car to explore parts of the continent on their holidays, and goods travel large distances to reach consumers. Indeed, the twentieth century has deservedly been characteried as the century of the car. The situation looked very different around 1900. People crossing national borders by car encountered multiple hurdles on their way. Technically, they imported their vehicle into a neighboring country and had to pay astronomic import duties. Often they needed to pass a driving test in each country they visited. Early on, automobile and touring clubs sought to make life easier for traveling motorists. International negotiations tackled the problems arising from differing regulations. The resulting volume describes everything from the standardied traffic signs that saved human lives on the road to the Europabus taking tourists from Stockholm to Rome in the 1950s. Driving Europe offers a highly original portrait of a Europe built on roads in the course of the twentieth century.

Roads --- Transportation, Automotive --- History --- Transport. Traffic --- anno 1900-1999 --- Europe --- Highways --- Roadways --- Thoroughfares --- Transportation --- Highway engineering --- Pavements --- History. --- Automotive transportation --- Highway transportation --- Motor carriers --- Motor transportation --- Road transportation --- Automobiles --- Social aspects

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Transport is the fastest-growing energy sector world-wide. Every year increasing numbers of drivers at the wheels of ever larger vehicles burn more petroleum products and emit more carbon dioxide. The danger is clear. Nations around the world have taken up the challenge to reduce oil use and the CO2 that comes with it. This report examines the multiple policy approaches being taken by IEA Member countries to reduce transport-related carbon emissions. These include improving fuel economy in new cars and trucks, as well as reducing fuel consumption by vehicles already on the road. Also covered are the use of alternative fuel sources and ways to cut the growth in travel, such as by improving transit systems and using new technologies to reduce congestion. Energy-saving options in freight transport are also explored, such as making trucks and trucking systems more efficient and how to move more goods by rail and water-borne transport. More than twenty different approaches are developed, including some which have been neglected by most IEA countries. The study discusses the benefits and costs of each option, as well as obstacles it faces, and quantifies the effect of each option in reducing oil use and CO2 emissions. Success stories from IEA countries are presented, as well as some stories of failure.

#A0204A --- 540 Luchtverontreiniging --- Transportation --- Carbon dioxide --- Energy consumption --- Transport --- Gaz carbonique --- Energie --- Environmental aspects --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Consommation --- Transportation, Automotive --- Greenhouse gases --- GHGs (Greenhouse gases) --- Heat-trapping gases --- Gases --- Automotive transportation --- Highway transportation --- Motor carriers --- Motor transportation --- Road transportation --- Automobiles --- Social aspects