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Examines the entanglement of secularity and liberality in the foundation of the modern state in Britain."Modern" Britain emerged from the outcome of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. The rather standard Whig account of the long nineteenth century is one of growing stability, progress and improvement. And yet nothing was preordained or inevitable about the period's stability. Ruling elites felt the constant anxieties of revolutionary terrorism. As Lubenow argues, it was a period of disorganization seeking organization. The great nineteenth-century reform acts against religious monopoly were aspects of this process of political organization. While religion did not disappear, these political actions gradually changed the constitutional position of religion.As a result, a political vacuum was created which was then filled by a secular "clerisy". These "fit and proper persons", educated in the reformed universities, qualified by success in competitive examinations, began to fill positions in the Civil Service and in the professions. The effect was to replace the eighteenth-century system of confessional loyalties with a liberal political culture based on merit. Lubenow's latest study examines the work of these intertwining nineteenth-century secular-liberal processes. Steeped deeply in archival research, this book considers biographical characteristics such as education, political connections and social associations, but it is equally conceptually guided by categories such as liberalism and secularism. It fills an important gap in the political history of nineteenth-century British liberalism by taking up the question of entanglement of secularity and liberality in the foundation of the modern state.

HISTORY / Modern / 19th Century. --- Algernon West. --- Arthur Balfour. --- Charles Trevelyan. --- Chartists. --- Indian mutiny. --- John Morley. --- Maynard Keynes. --- Napoleon. --- Northcote-Trevelyan Report. --- Peterloo. --- Reginald Welby. --- Robert Lowes Order in Council. --- Roman Catholic Emancipation. --- Stafford Northcote. --- Test Acts. --- Thomas Babington Macaulay. --- William Anson. --- William Gladstone. --- comparative biography. --- prosopography.

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An essential guide to recognizing bogus numbers and misleading dataNumbers are often intimidating, confusing, and even deliberately deceptive-especially when they are really big. The media loves to report on millions, billions, and trillions, but frequently makes basic mistakes or presents such numbers in misleading ways. And misunderstanding numbers can have serious consequences, since they can deceive us in many of our most important decisions, including how to vote, what to buy, and whether to make a financial investment. In this short, accessible, enlightening, and entertaining book, leading computer scientist Brian Kernighan teaches anyone-even diehard math-phobes-how to demystify the numbers that assault us every day.With examples drawn from a rich variety of sources, including journalism, advertising, and politics, Kernighan demonstrates how numbers can mislead and misrepresent. In chapters covering big numbers, units, dimensions, and more, he lays bare everything from deceptive graphs to speciously precise numbers. And he shows how anyone-using a few basic ideas and lots of shortcuts-can easily learn to recognize common mistakes, determine whether numbers are credible, and make their own sensible estimates when needed.Giving you the simple tools you need to avoid being fooled by dubious numbers, Millions, Billions, Zillions is an essential survival guide for a world drowning in big-and often bad-data.

Numbers, Complex. --- Data mining. --- Algorithmic knowledge discovery --- Factual data analysis --- KDD (Information retrieval) --- Knowledge discovery in data --- Knowledge discovery in databases --- Mining, Data --- Database searching --- Complex numbers --- Imaginary quantities --- Quantities, Imaginary --- Algebra, Universal --- Quaternions --- Vector analysis --- A picture is worth a thousand words. --- AARP. --- American Medical Association. --- Approximation. --- Arithmetic mean. --- Arithmetic. --- Associated Press. --- Baby boomers. --- Back-of-the-envelope calculation. --- Barrel (unit). --- Birth rate. --- Blogger (service). --- Body surface area. --- Breast cancer. --- Calculation. --- Celsius. --- Centenarian. --- Computation. --- Consumer Reports. --- Corporate tax. --- Correlation does not imply causation. --- Daniel Kahneman. --- Darrell Huff. --- Dilbert. --- Dot-com bubble. --- Economics. --- Edward Tufte. --- Error. --- Estimation. --- Exabyte. --- Exponential growth. --- FLOPS. --- Factoid. --- Fermi problem. --- Gigabyte. --- Half Gone. --- Headline. --- Hectare. --- Home computer. --- How to Lie with Statistics. --- Hulu. --- Identity theft. --- Inception. --- Inflation. --- Innumeracy (book). --- Jeff Bezos. --- John Maynard Keynes. --- Just in case. --- Kilobit. --- Kilogram. --- Life expectancy. --- Little's law. --- Millionth. --- Mortality rate. --- My Local. --- Naomi Wolf. --- National Rifle Association. --- Net worth. --- Newspaper. --- Newsweek. --- Nobel Prize. --- Order of magnitude. --- Outright. --- Percentage point. --- Percentage. --- Petabit. --- Petabyte. --- Population growth. --- Pound sterling. --- Power of 10. --- Quadrillion. --- Quantity. --- Ranking (information retrieval). --- Result. --- Round number. --- Rule of 72. --- Sampling bias. --- School bus. --- Scientific notation. --- Square foot. --- Square yard. --- Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States). --- Tax cut. --- Tax. --- Technology. --- Terabit. --- The Beauty Myth. --- The Colbert Report. --- The New York Times. --- The Wisdom of Crowds. --- The World's Billionaires. --- U.S. News & World Report. --- Ultra-high-definition television. --- Unemployment. --- W. E. B. Du Bois. --- Warren Buffett. --- With high probability. --- Year. --- Your Computer (British magazine). --- Zettabyte. --- Mathematics --- Mathematics in mass media --- Critical thinking --- Statistics --- Big data --- Million (The number) --- Billion (The number) --- Evaluation --- Methodology