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Natural antibodies (NAbs) are found in normal individuals in the absence of exogenous antigenic stimulation. Natural antibodies rapidly recognize and protect against pathogens that have not been previously encountered. NAbs also cross-react with several self-antigens, which, besides their role as a first line of defense against pathogens, affords them the ability to perform important housekeeping functions in healthy organisms. Such housekeeping functions include the clearance of oxidized damaged structures and/or apoptotic cells, which prevents the induction of pro-inflammatory effects. In addition, NAbs play a role in preventing the expansion of specific auto-reactive clones, thereby behaving as regulatory elements in acute or chronic inflammation. To maintain the non-pathogenic balance between the dual pathogen/self-antigen cross-reactivities of NAbs, a strict regulation in NAb secretion and function is necessary to avoid autoimmune disease. Actually, some of the NAbs related auto-reactivities, such as anti-DNA and anti-MOG, have been associated with autoimmunity. Furthermore, NAbs have been shown to bind to ‘neo-self’ carbohydrate antigens on glycolipids and glycoproteins found on malignant but not normal cells, which suggests NAbs may take part in tumor immunosurveillance. Many aspects regarding NAbs have yet to be studied in more detail: the reactivity and function of NAbs in health and disease, the behavior of the NAb repertoire with increasing age, the regulation of natural antibody production and auto-reactivity, the ways to specifically activate NAbs producing cells with desired specificities, the characteristics of human NAbs, among others. This special topics eBook consists of a number of articles exploring the cells that produce NAbs as well as the characteristics, function, specificity, and/or the role of natural antibodies in health and disease.

innate immunity --- immunoglobulin --- Antibodies --- B cells --- IgM --- natural antibodies --- B-1 cells --- innate immunity --- immunoglobulin --- Antibodies --- B cells --- IgM --- natural antibodies --- B-1 cells

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This book focuses on fundamental and applied research on humoral immune responses to viral infections in humans. The comprehensive study of antibody response is critical for the development of diagnostic tools, vaccines, and immunotherapeutics against life-threatening viral infections. Special attention is given to serological surveillance and characterization of virus-neutralizing antibodies.

Medicine --- highly pathogenic avian influenza virus --- H5N6 (clade 2.3.4.4) --- human sera --- SARS-CoV-2 --- COVID-19 --- full proteome --- peptide microarrays --- glycan microarrays --- seroprevalence --- ELISA --- neutralization assay --- viral persistence --- serum antibody --- neutralization efficacy --- cytokine profile --- neutralising antibodies --- filoviruses --- ebolavirus --- post-vaccination --- post-infection --- monoclonal antibodies --- longitudinal antibody response --- antibody specificity --- recombinant proteins --- virus neutralization --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Guangdong --- China --- antibody --- varicella-zoster virus (VZV) --- chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) --- IgA --- IgG --- IgM --- diagnostic test --- antibody therapeutic --- cryo-EM --- filovirus --- marburgvirus --- structural biology --- X-ray crystallography --- highly pathogenic avian influenza virus --- H5N6 (clade 2.3.4.4) --- human sera --- SARS-CoV-2 --- COVID-19 --- full proteome --- peptide microarrays --- glycan microarrays --- seroprevalence --- ELISA --- neutralization assay --- viral persistence --- serum antibody --- neutralization efficacy --- cytokine profile --- neutralising antibodies --- filoviruses --- ebolavirus --- post-vaccination --- post-infection --- monoclonal antibodies --- longitudinal antibody response --- antibody specificity --- recombinant proteins --- virus neutralization --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Guangdong --- China --- antibody --- varicella-zoster virus (VZV) --- chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) --- IgA --- IgG --- IgM --- diagnostic test --- antibody therapeutic --- cryo-EM --- filovirus --- marburgvirus --- structural biology --- X-ray crystallography

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Die IG Metall hat das Thema Arbeitszeit auf die Agenda gesetzt: für mehr Selbstbestimmung für die Beschäftigten. In diesem Buch stellen Akteurinnen und Akteure Verlauf und Ergebnis der Tarifrunde 2018 in der Metall- und Elektroindustrie dar und werfen einen Blick auf zentrale Elemente gewerkschaftlichen Handelns. Gerechtigkeit, Autonomie, Solidarität und Macht stehen dabei im Mittelpunkt. Die Tarifrunde begreifen sie dabei als praktischen Auftakt für eine Zukunftsdebatte über die Rolle von Gewerkschaften, Mitbestimmung und Beteiligung in einer Gesellschaft im Umbruch.

Sociology: work & labour --- Collective Bargaining. --- Industrial Relations. --- Social Inequality. --- Social Policy. --- Society. --- Sociology of Work and Industry. --- Sociology. --- Strikes. --- Welfare State. --- Work. --- Working Time. --- Gewerkschaften; Tarifpolitik; Sozialstaat; Arbeitszeit; Streik; Vereinbarkeit; Arbeitspolitik; Industrielle Beziehungen; Soziologie; Arbeit; Soziale Ungleichheit; Gesellschaft; Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie; Sozialpolitik; Trade Unions; Collective Bargaining; Welfare State; Working Time; Strikes; Industrial Relations; Sociology; Work; Social Inequality; Society; Sociology of Work and Industry; Social Policy --- Industriegewerkschaft Metall für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Industriegewerkschaft Metall für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. --- History --- 2000-2099 --- Germany. --- I.G.M. --- I.G. Metall für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- IG Metall für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- IG-Metall (Germany) --- IGM --- Industriegewerkschaft Metall --- Industriegewerkschaft Metall (Germany) --- Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deguo --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- Gėrman --- German Uls --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- Germany (East) --- Germany (West) --- Europe