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In June 1959, the British established the office of Yang di-Pertuan Negara (He Who is Made Lord) to replace the colonial governorship and represent Queen Elizabeth II in Singapore. Muhammad Suhail explores the divergent attempts to invest meaning in the Yang di-Pertuan Negara. In doing so, he weaves a rich story about the contesting ideas of sovereignty during the global age of decolonization. He Who is Made Lord is a captivating take on Singapore's emergence as a postcolonial nation, providing a gateway into the island's past as part of the Malay World, the British Empire and the Commonwealth of Nations."The Yang di-Pertuan Negara is a subject that has received only passing mentions in the Singapore Story. This book is the first detailed study to reveal not only the politics of its creation but also the cultural significance of the office. By delving into its multifaceted meanings, this insightful account offers readers a fascinating treatise on the office's connection with the momentous final years of British rule in the colony and Singapore's brief interlude in Malaysia." -- Associate Professor Albert Lau, Department of History, National University of Singapore"The end of the British Empire wrought considerable change across the globe, but it also left many legacies and questions such as what or who would replace the omnipotent Crown. He Who is Made Lord examines the neglected but fascinating story of how Singapore grappled with this issue, which was more delicate, nuanced and far reaching than most supposed. Muhammad Suhail has made an original, well-researched, and valuable study of the position of Head of State in Singapore during the last stages of colonialism and shows vividly that far from being of ceremonial or administrative interest, it touched on wider and deeper issues in Singaporean and Southeast Asian history and society, reflecting tensions of identity and hopes for the future." -- Dr Harshan Kumarasingham, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh"In this ground-breaking book, Muhammad Suhail has meticulously scoured, scrutinized, and synthesized archival official records, newspaper articles, government publications, pictures, and websites to peel and expose the many layers of the hitherto overlooked office of the Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore to reveal the contradictions, contestations, and constructions of the created office in the context of the tumultuous period of decolonization. Suhail also has laid bare the complex personality of the man who held this office, Yusof Ishak, exposing the myriad of faces, appearances, and roles he represented and was made to represent, appreciating his triumphs and weaknesses, but most importantly, humanizing him." -- Associate Professor Sher Banu A.L. Khan, Department of Malay Studies, National University of Singapore.

Heads of state --- HISTORY / Social History.

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Nommé bien malgré lui médecin personnel de Mao Zedong en 1954, Li Zhisui a vécu vingt-deux années durant dans l'intimité du dirigeant suprême de la Chine - un paysan charmeur, plein d'esprit, de chaleur, doublé d'un monstre froid, grand stratège manipulateur et impitoyable. Nous découvrons un Mao en peignoir, allongé au bord de sa piscine ou sur son immense lit de bois, entouré de courtisans et de très jeunes filles, se "reposant" de la lutte révolutionnaire ou préparant en secret des attaques contre ses propres lieutenants, aussi bien qu'en grande tenue, accordant sa bénédiction aux masses assemblées sur la place Tiananmen. Le docteur Li nous livre une fascinante chronique, secrète et quotidienne, de la vie à la cour "impériale" de Mao, où l'hypocondrie et la paranoïa règnent en maîtres. Ces Mémoires, dont l'auteur vécut au cœur du pouvoir communiste chinois jusqu'à la mort de Mao, en 1976, offrent également un témoignage sans précédent sur les grandes heures, tumultueuses et parfois, jusqu'ici, baignées de mystère, de l'histoire de la Chine contemporaine.

Heads of state --- Mao, Zedong, --- S05/0227 --- #SML: Paul Coucke --- China: Biographies and memoirs--Mao Zedong --- Politique et gouvernement --- Heads of state - China - Biography --- Mao, Zedong, - 1893-1976

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Le 8 décembre 1991, la fin de l'URSS est proclamée. C'est la chute d'un État qui a incarné durant le XXe siècle l'ennemi de l'Occident, mais aussi un modèle politique et économique, le système communiste, et un bloc militaire, le pacte de Varsovie. Peu de personnages historiques ont suscité autant de jugements aussi contradictoires que Mikhaïl Gorbatchev. Adulé en Occident, au point que l'on a parlé de "gorbimania", il est loin d'être aussi populaire en Russie. Aujourd'hui âgé de 90 ans, Gorbatchev continue de dénoncer le régime de Poutine et avoue avoir été contre son gré le "fossoyeur de l'Union soviétique". Son parcours épouse toutes les phases de l'histoire de l'Union soviétique au XXe siècle, depuis son entrée aux Jeunesses communistes, sa jeunesse tiraillée entre la fin de la période stalinienne et la déstalinisation, le lancement de la perestroïka, et enfin l'éclatement de l'URSS en 1991.

Heads of state - Soviet Union - Biography --- Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, - 1931 --- -Soviet Union - Politics and government - 1985-1991 --- Politique et gouvernement --- Gorbatchev, Mikhail Sergueevitch --- Heads of state --- -Soviet Union

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Heads of state --- Chefs d'Etat --- Biography --- Biographie --- Mao, Zedong, --- Mao tse-toung, 1893-1976 --- Biographies

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During Latin America's third democratic wave, a majority of countries adopted a runoff rule for the election of the president, effectively dampening plurality voting, opening the political arena to new parties, and assuring the public that the president will never have anything less than majority support. In a region in which undemocratic political parties were common and have often been dominated by caudillos, cautious naysayers have voiced concerns about the runoff process, arguing that a proliferation of new political parties vying for power is a sign of inferior democracy. This text is the first rigorous assessment of the implications of runoff versus plurality rules throughout Latin America, and demonstrates that, in contrast to early scholarly skepticism about runoff, it has been positive for democracy in the region.

Elections --- Presidents --- Democracy --- Election. --- Latin America --- Politics and government. --- Presidency --- Heads of state --- Executive power