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The number of older subjects is rapidly increasingly worldwide. As a consequence, the nature of clinical conditions is also changing. Traditional medicine and models of care have been based on the evaluation and treatment of single and usually acute conditions occurring in relatively young individuals. Today, the usual clinical manifestation of diseases is characterized by multiple and often chronic conditions affecting older people. In this scenario, frailty and dementia have been triggering special interest both in research and clinical settings due to their high prevalence, impact on the individual’s quality of life, and consequences for public health worldwide. These conditions aptly reflect the complexity of age-related pathological conditions, finding as causal factor a myriad of heterogeneous, interacting, and often still unclear pathophysiological processes. Indeed, their study is strongly affected by the difficulty to differentiate the effects of a normal aging process from eventual pathological deviations of the underlying systems. Their occurrence and trajectories over time are strongly affected by a wide array of factors and determinants that can be hardly attributed to the deficit/involvement of single biological systems and/or health domains. Moreover, environment and social factors also play a key role in the determination of phenotypes. The present Research Topic is aimed at widening our understanding of the frailty and dementia phenomena occurring with aging, in order to improve the clinical and public health approaches to these burdening conditions.

Dementia. --- Aging --- cognition --- caregiver --- Frailty --- dementia --- mild cognitive impairment --- aging --- cognitive frailty --- Alzheimer --- Psychological aspects. --- cognition --- caregiver --- Frailty --- dementia --- mild cognitive impairment --- aging --- cognitive frailty --- Alzheimer

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People are progressively ageing all over the world, and it is estimated that the number of persons aged 60 or over will more than triple by 2100. This emerging population will experience an inevitable rise in dementia, mental health problems and chronic diseases. According to GBD (2010), neuropsychiatric disorders among older adults account for 6.6% of the total disability (DALYs) for this age group, with 15% suffering from a mental disorder. Multiple social, psychological and biological factors are determinant of mental health, as well as life stressors. Among these, the lack of independence, limited mobility, chronic diseases, pain, frailty or other mental and physical problems require long-term care. Beyond this, the elderly are more prone to experience events such as bereavement, a drop in socio-economic status, disability, which leads to isolation, loss of independence, loneliness and psychological distress. Mental health problems and needs assessment by health-care professionals and older people themselves are under-recognised, and the stigma surrounding mental illness makes people reluctant to seek help. The early investigation and diagnosis of these situations are crucial, as well as prior management with an important combination of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions, in conjunction with caregivers' and families' support. The present book aims to contribute to the development of knowledge in Aging and Mental Health, taking different approaches from authors, coming from diverse scientific fields, with the final goal being the improvement of quality of life and healthy aging for this growing population.

Aging --- Preventive mental health services for older people. --- Delirium --- Disability --- chronic diseases --- Aging --- Depression --- Frailty --- Mental Health --- Dementia --- Psychological aspects. --- Delirium --- Disability --- chronic diseases --- Aging --- Depression --- Frailty --- Mental Health --- Dementia

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sarcopenia --- falls --- frailty --- metabolic bone disease --- Musculoskeletal system --- Falls (Accidents) --- Frail elderly --- Frail elderly. --- Diseases --- Prevention --- Prevention. --- Diseases. --- Elderly, Frail --- Frail older people --- Older people --- Accidental falls --- Falling accidents --- Slip and fall accidents --- Slipping and falling accidents --- Accidents --- Locomotor system --- Musculo-skeletal system --- Skeletomuscular system --- Pharmacology. Therapy --- farmacologie --- Frailty. --- Sarcopenia. --- Accidental Falls. --- Musculoskeletal Diseases. --- Orthopedic Disorders --- Musculoskeletal Disease --- Orthopedic Disorder --- Falling --- Falls --- Slip and Fall --- Falls, Accidental --- Accidental Fall --- Fall and Slip --- Fall, Accidental --- Sarcopenias --- Frailness --- Frailty Syndrome --- Debility --- Debilities --- Frailties --- Asthenia --- Musculoskeletal System Diseases --- Older frail people --- Older people with disabilities --- Frail older people.

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In the last century, the average life expectancy at birth increased from roughly 45 years in the early 1900s to more than 80 years of age at present. However, living longer is often related to different levels of frailty. There is no curative treatment for frailty—the interventions that have been described as effective to slow or delay the onset of frailty are physical activity and nutritional interventions. Maintaining adequate nutrition status is important to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, many of which are age-related. On the other hand, frailty itself may have a negative effect on eating and, thus, on the nutritional status. This Special Issue, "Nutrition, Diet Quality, Aging and Frailty", addresses the existing knowledge on nutrition regarding the causative factors of frailty and disease due to aging, i.e., strategies for delaying the pathological effects of aging. It consists of twelve peer-reviewed papers covering original research, protocol development, methodological studies, narrative or systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, to better understand these complex relationships.

Medicine --- diet --- metabolism --- nutrient --- glucose --- lipid --- insulin --- neuroinflammation --- Alzheimer’s disease --- anti-ageing --- eating habits --- functional foods --- skin ageing --- breakfast --- meals --- older adults --- protein intake --- hyperhomocysteinemia --- vitamin B deficiency --- amyloid beta-peptides --- disease models --- animal --- memory and learning tests --- dietary diversity --- activities of daily living --- cohort study --- adults --- mortality --- QOL --- ADL --- Serum albumin --- self-assessed chewing ability --- inflammaging --- cognitive impairment --- cytokines --- physical frailty --- aged --- dietary inflammatory index --- dietary patterns --- frailty --- inflammation --- muscle function --- muscle mass --- sarcopenia --- prevalence --- nutrition --- physical activity --- meta-analysis --- meta-regression --- dairy products --- dietary pattern --- malnutrition --- food groups --- Mediterranean dietary pattern --- Westernized dietary pattern --- cross-sectional study --- aging --- lifespan --- carbohydrates --- whole grain --- protein

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In recent decades, life expectancy has been increasing. This is a historical milestone in the history of humanity. We have never lived so long before. In these circumstances, giving the best care to older adults efficiently is one of the greatest challenges of developed countries. This book explores different initiatives that result in the improvement of health conditions of older adults, such as multicomponent physical exercise programs, interventions that try to avoid loneliness and social isolation, and multidisciplinary assessment, and the treatment of frailty and other geriatric syndromes, of the elderly in various settings such as the Emergency Unit, Orthogeriatrics, and Oncogeriatrics. This book offers different manuscripts to readers, each trying to improve life satisfaction, quality of life, and life expectancy in older adults in different scenarios. It is up to us to achieve these goals. We are sure that these interesting chapters will contribute to improving clinical practices. Following the completion of the Special Issue "Health Care for Older Adults" for the international Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, the Guest Editors felt the satisfaction of having reached 18 published manuscripts and the possibility of transforming this volume into a book. This book was born from the need to show how health and social advances have increased human longevity as never before. We live longer, knowing more and more the epigenetic mechanisms of this longevity, as extended aging also coexists with the least favorable aging trajectories. Among them, a syndrome stands out from the gerontological and geriatric perspective: frailty. Due to the pandemic, a social problem has increased its presence in clinical practice: ageism. Older adults have found it difficult to access the necessary clinical resources due to the simple matter of age. However, at this moment, we are able to detect and to reverse frailty. In the same way, we should aim to prevent loneliness and social isolation, involved in social frailty. Geriatric syndromes are underdiagnosed and undertreated, but clinical and geriatric knowledge provide diagnostic tools and non-pharmacological approaches to prevent and to treat them. All health professionals working together in an interdisciplinary team could improve the clinical practices to develop a quality health care for older adults, improving their life satisfaction and quality of life perception too.

Public health & preventive medicine --- neck stabilization exercise --- nonspecific neck pain --- salt pack --- thermotherapy --- anticholinergic drugs --- pneumonia --- elderly --- potentially inappropriate medication --- pharmacoepidemiology --- infrared thermography --- cutaneous temperature --- skin blood flow --- dementia --- body temperature --- thermal sensation --- thermal comfort --- imaging --- mapping --- environmental temperature --- frailty --- COVID-19 --- aging --- physical activity --- mental health --- social relationships --- social frailty --- older adults --- life satisfaction --- accidental falls --- research hotspot --- CiteSpace --- knowledge domain visualization --- geriatric syndromes --- healthy aging --- exercise --- histones --- DNA methylation --- non-coding RNA --- hip fractures --- geriatric assessment --- orthogeriatric care --- functional recovery --- mortality --- hip fracture surgery --- multidisciplinary care --- predictive model --- hip fracture --- gait recovery --- feasibility --- frailty index --- psychometrics --- reliability --- validity --- ageing --- qualitative research --- primary health care --- loneliness --- social capital --- colorectal cancer --- comprehensive geriatric assessment --- geriatric liaison --- multicomponent programs --- functional capacity --- occupational therapy --- occupational function --- social network --- social isolation --- posterior occlusal support --- maximum occlusal force --- masticatory function --- standing motion --- removable prostheses --- Eichner index --- fracture fixation --- geriatric --- intertrochanteric fractures --- prognostic factors --- Thai --- aged people --- STOPP/START --- Beers criteria --- medical prescriptions for chronic pathologies --- inappropriate prescribing --- nursing --- delirium --- machine learning technique --- random forest --- neck stabilization exercise --- nonspecific neck pain --- salt pack --- thermotherapy --- anticholinergic drugs --- pneumonia --- elderly --- potentially inappropriate medication --- pharmacoepidemiology --- infrared thermography --- cutaneous temperature --- skin blood flow --- dementia --- body temperature --- thermal sensation --- thermal comfort --- imaging --- mapping --- environmental temperature --- frailty --- COVID-19 --- aging --- physical activity --- mental health --- social relationships --- social frailty --- older adults --- life satisfaction --- accidental falls --- research hotspot --- CiteSpace --- knowledge domain visualization --- geriatric syndromes --- healthy aging --- exercise --- histones --- DNA methylation --- non-coding RNA --- hip fractures --- geriatric assessment --- orthogeriatric care --- functional recovery --- mortality --- hip fracture surgery --- multidisciplinary care --- predictive model --- hip fracture --- gait recovery --- feasibility --- frailty index --- psychometrics --- reliability --- validity --- ageing --- qualitative research --- primary health care --- loneliness --- social capital --- colorectal cancer --- comprehensive geriatric assessment --- geriatric liaison --- multicomponent programs --- functional capacity --- occupational therapy --- occupational function --- social network --- social isolation --- posterior occlusal support --- maximum occlusal force --- masticatory function --- standing motion --- removable prostheses --- Eichner index --- fracture fixation --- geriatric --- intertrochanteric fractures --- prognostic factors --- Thai --- aged people --- STOPP/START --- Beers criteria --- medical prescriptions for chronic pathologies --- inappropriate prescribing --- nursing --- delirium --- machine learning technique --- random forest