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Energy security.

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The ASEAN+6 group comprises the ten countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and six other countries in the Asia-Pacific region: Australia, the People's Republic of China ("China"), India, Japan, Korea and New Zealand. This group includes the world's fastest-growing and most dynamic energy consumption centres. They are led by China, India and ASEAN, the emerging Asian economies, whose share of global energy demand is expected to reach 40% by 2040, up from only 20% in 2000. Energy demand in the ASEAN+6 countries is set to take diverse paths. In India, for example, low per capita energy use and a high population growth rate indicate the potential for substantial energy demand growth. In Japan, by contrast, a declining population and increasing energy efficiencies are contributing to a continuous fall in energy consumption. Countries of the region also differ in their natural resource wealth and their levels of socio-economic and technological development. These countries share common challenges, however, in ensuring the security of their energy supplies. Given their shared geographical location, they could help one another meet these energy security challenges by deepening regional co-operation. This report starts by giving an overview of the energy security issues of the region. Subsequent chapters cover the key energy sectors of oil, natural gas and electricity. They identify the main energy security issues, including a high level of vulnerability to natural disasters and heavy dependence on imports of fossil fuels, which must pass through major global chokepoints. The report provides policy advice, primarily for the region's developing countries, based on the emergency response systems and accumulated experience in energy security of the International Energy Agency and its member countries.

Energy security.

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This volume examines all aspects of energy poverty - lack of access to electricity, modern energy services, and mechanical power. Close to one quarter of humanity still lives without electricity or other modern forms of energy¸ while as much as a third of the world’s population still relies at least in part on traditional biofuels such as cow dung or firewood, at great cost to its health, security, and economic welfare. Part I considers definition and measurement issues and takes stock of the problem -surveying the issue, assessing its scope, proposing a methodology to measure the size of the world’s energy-poor population, analyzing the causes and consequences of energy poverty, and outlining an approach to assess the global cost of fixing the problem. Part II focuses on case and country studies and lessons learned, including a detailed look at specific policies deployed around the world by various countries, with mixed results and unequal success, to remove energy poverty. Regions under review include China, India, Brazil, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Part III weighs challenges and policy options, including the financial engineering tools available to jump start and facilitate investment in energy access, and a discussion of the potential role of various actors and stakeholders, such as developed nations, energy producers, NGOs, private capital, the financial sector, and local entrepreneurs.

Energy security --- Energy policy

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Russia's invasion of Ukraine has triggered a major energy supply and security crisis that has sent commodity prices to new highs, with wider implications for the global economy.The conflict has put further considerable pressure on natural gas markets and raised uncertainty in the context of an already tight market. Europe has been at the epicentre of market tensions since the beginning of the heating season, resulting from the combination of lower than average underground storage inventory - principally from sites partly owned or controlled by Gazprom - and a sharp year-on-year drop in Russian pipeline supplies. Lower Russian supplies have largely been compensated by LNG, turning Europe into the premium market and drawing cargoes away from Asia Pacific and other regions. The resulting tight supply, high prices, and heightened market uncertainty have led to a downward revision in global gas consumption growth, which as a result is expected to turn negative for 2022.This new issue of the quarterly Gas Market Report features a detailed review of 2021's gas supply and demand fundamentals, an analysis of recent developments in global gas markets during the northern hemisphere's heating season, and an updated near-term outlook for 2022.

Energy consumption. --- Energy security. --- Energy policy --- Environmental aspects.

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Shale gas industry --- Energy security. --- Law and legislation. --- Environmental aspects.