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Digital electronics --- Digital cameras --- Image processing --- Digital cameras. --- Digital electronics. --- Image processing --- Digital techniques --- Digital techniques.
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Physics is fundamental to all aspects of digital photography. This book works through the physics underlying the photographic imaging chain, from image capture through to the production of a viewable output digital image. It provides an invaluable insight into the connections between imaging science and photographic practice and is intended for use by both graduate students and established researchers. In this updated and expanded new edition, the material has been reorganised and extensively rewritten and the figures have been enhanced.
Photographic optics --- Digital cameras --- Photography --- Imaging systems & technology. --- COMPUTERS / Design, Graphics & Media / Photography. --- Mathematics. --- Mathematical models. --- Digital techniques.
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This book provides an overview of the detailed physics involved in the imaging chain for an audience of scientists and engineers. With the increasing use of digital photography in a research environment, modern scientists and engineers need to better understand the science behind digital photography to fully exploit this invaluable research tool.
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Les forêts tropicales d'Afrique centrale sont caractérisées par un climat relativement sec et saisonnier. Cette saisonnalité et la distribution bimodale des précipitations sont à l'origine du comportement décidu de certaines espèces d'arbres et individus qui façonnent la structure et la dynamique de ces écosystèmes. La compréhension des éléments environnementaux est donc primordiale dans l'étude du fonctionnement des forêts tropicales, tant à l'échelle de l'individu qu'à l'échelle de la population. Un suivi phénologique par télédétection proche de la surface a été réalisé à l’aide d’images prises à haute résolution temporelle (chaque jour), par onze caméras phénologiques installées sur la Station d'Études des Gorilles et des Chimpanzés (SEGC) dans le Parc National de la Lopé, au Gabon. L'objectif premier de ce travail est de générer une chaîne de traitement et d'analyse du phénomène de déciduité à partir des séries temporelles continues enregistrées par les phénocams, dans le but d'obtenir une méthodologie applicable à d'autres sites. Le second objectif consiste à déterminer l'ampleur du phénomène et sa variabilité entre années pour 159 individus de Lophira alata ; (i) à l'échelle du houppier, en quantifiant l'intensité et la durée du phénomène et (ii) à l'échelle du peuplement, en identifiant le degré de synchronisme et la saisonnalité du phénomène, ainsi que son lien avec le climat. L'approche méthodologique utilisée dans ce travail débute par le traitement des images, en passant par le recalage de celles-ci à l'aide des méthodes A-KAZE et ECC, la numérisation ainsi que la photo-interprétation des houppiers de Lophira alata via le logiciel Phenotag, afin d'acquérir une base de données complète permettant d'analyser les différents paramètres du phénomène de déciduité. Les résultats obtenus via cette approche ont permis de mettre en avant une perte de feuilles partielle sur une courte durée, ainsi qu'un comportement décidu annuel et relativement synchrone des individus de l'espèce Lophira alata. Ces observations ont ensuite été discutées sur base d’études préexistantes sur le sujet. Ce travail a permis de mettre en place une méthodologie qui pourra ensuite être appliquée à plus grande échelle et automatisée via le modèle RGB, en se basant sur les variations de la coordonnée chromatique verte (GCC), ou via le modèle de « superpixel-based deep learning », consistant à différencier les pixels avec feuilles, des pixels sans feuilles. Cette méthodologie et toutes les informations qu’elle permet d’obtenir concernant le phénomène de déciduité pourra également être utilisée afin de compléter des études en cours, notamment le projet CANOPI, supervisé par des chercheurs de l’Université de Liège, qui cherche à évaluer la résilience des forêts tropicales d’Afrique centrale face aux effets du changement climatique. Tropical forests of Central Africa are characterised by a relatively dry and seasonal climate. This seasonality and the bimodal distribution of rainfall are at the root of the deciduous behaviour of certain tree species and individuals, that shape these ecosystems’ structure and phenological cycles. Understanding environmental factors influencing this phenomenon is therefore crucial to the study of how tropical forests function, at both individual and population levels. A near-surface remote sensing phenological monitoring was carried out using images taken at high temporal resolution (daily) by eleven phenological cameras installed at the Station d’Études des Gorilles et des Chimpanzés (SEGC) in the Lopé National Park, Gabon. The primary objective of this work is to generate a processing and analysis chain of the deciduousness phenomenon based on the continuous time-series registered by the phenocams, with the aim of obtaining a methodology appliable to other sites. The second objective is to determine the magnitude of the phenomenon and its variability between years for 159 individuals of Lophira alata; (i) at the crown scale, by quantifying the intensity and duration of the deciduousness phenomenon, and (ii) at the stand scale, by identifying the degree of synchronism and the seasonality of the phenomenon, as well as its link with the climate. The methodological approach used in this work began with the image processing, including their registration using the A-KAZE and ECC methods, digitisation, and photointerpretation of Lophira alata crowns, using the Phenotag software, in order to acquire a complete database for analysing the various parameters affecting the deciduousness phenomenon. The results obtained using this approach highlighted partial leaf loss over a short period, as well as annual and relatively synchronous deciduous behaviour in Lophira alata trees. These observations were then discussed based on pre-existing studies on the subject. This work has enabled the setting up of a methodology that can then be applied on a larger scale and automated using the RGB model, based on the green chromatic coordinate (GCC) variation, or using a deep learning model such as the “superpixel-based deep learning” model, which consists of differentiating pixels with leaves from pixels without leaves. This methodology and all the information it provides on the deciduousness could as well be used to supplement studies already in progress, in particular the CANOPI project, supervised by researchers at the University of Liège, which is seeking to assess the resilience of Central African tropical forests to the effects of climate change.
Phénologie, Déciduité, Caméras numériques, Traitement de données, Saisonnalité, Forêt tropicale, Afrique centrale --- Phenology, Deciduousness, Digital cameras, Data processing, Seasonality, Tropical Forest, Central Africa --- Sciences du vivant > Biologie végétale (sciences végétales, sylviculture, mycologie...)
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Digital airborne cameras are now penetrating the fields of photogrammetry and remote sensing. Due to the last decade’s results in research and development in the fields of for instance detector technology, computing power, memory capacity position and orientation measurement it is now possible with this new generation of airborne cameras to generate different sets of geometric and spectral data with high geometric and radiometric resolutions within a single flight. This is a decisive advantage as compared to film based airborne cameras. The linear characteristic of the opto-electronic converters is the basis for the transition from an imaging camera to an images generating measuring instrument. Because of the direct digital processing chain from the airborne camera to the data products there is no need for the processes of chemical film development and digitising the film information. Failure sources as well as investments and staff costs are avoided. But the effective use of this new technology requires the knowledge of the features of the image and information generation, its possibilities and its restrictions. This book describes all components of a digital airborne camera from the object to be imaged to the mass memory device. So the image quality influencing processes in the nature are described, as for instance the reflection of the electromagnetic sun spectrum at the objects to be imaged and the influence of the atmosphere. Also, the essential features of the new digital sensor system, their characteristics and parameters, are addressed and put into the system context. The complexity of the cooperation of all camera components, as for instance optics, filters, detector elements, analogue and digital electronics, software and so forth, becomes transparent. The book includes also the description of an example system. Audience: This book will be of interest to managers, operators, data users dealing with the new digital airborne cameras; students in the fields of photogrammetry and remote sensing.
Aerial photogrammetry --- Photogrammetry --- Digital cameras --- Geography --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Geography-General --- Civil Engineering --- Cartography --- Digital techniques --- Aerial photogrammetry. --- Digital cameras. --- Digital techniques. --- Digital photogrammetric systems --- Digital photogrammetry --- DP (Digital photogrammetry) --- DPS (Digital photogrammetric systems) --- Aerial photographic surveying --- Digital imaging cameras --- Geography. --- Geographical information systems. --- Remote sensing. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Geographical Information Systems/Cartography. --- Digital electronics --- Cameras --- Photography --- Aerial photography in geography --- Aeronautics in geodesy --- Photographic surveying --- Electronic equipment --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- New optics --- Optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics
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