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WIGs (Wing in Ground) are advanced hybrid air cushion crafts and they offer the combination of speed, fuel efficiency, and ride smoothness. WIG rides above the surface like an airplane on a dynamic air cushion that is produced by the vessel’s forward motion. The adoption of WIG has been slow due to the complicated technology issues surrounding the vessel; it is a hybrid vehicle that combines marine and aviation theory, wing theory and air cushion theory, aerodynamic and hydrodynamic theory. "WIG Craft and Ekranoplan: Ground Effect Craft Technology" provides a comprehensive overview of the design, development and building of WIG vessels. Drawing upon years of practical experience and using numerous examples and illustrative applications, Liang Yun, Alan Bliault and Johnny Doo discuss: Basic principles of WIG craft technology State of the art overview of WIG craft technology in the United States, Russia, Germany, China and Australia Material and structural design of WIG craft Lift and propulsion systems of WIG craft WIG Craft and Ekranoplan: Ground Effect Craft Technology will be of interest to naval engineers, aviation engineers, naval architects, and mechanical engineers interested in the development and research of wing in ground (WIG) and high performance marine vehicles.

Engineering. --- Technology. --- Wing-in-ground-effect machines. --- Wing-in-ground-effect machines --- Military & Naval Science --- Mechanical Engineering --- Naval Architecture --- Automotive Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Law, Politics & Government --- Ground-effect machines. --- Air-bearing vehicles --- Air-cushion vehicles --- Ground pressure vehicles, Minimum --- Ground proximity machines --- Hovercraft --- Ekranoplan --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Engineering design. --- Automotive engineering. --- Automotive Engineering. --- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. --- Engineering Design. --- Ground-cushion phenomenon --- Motor vehicles --- Lift fans --- Ground-effect machines --- Mechanics, applied. --- Design, Engineering --- Engineering --- Industrial design --- Strains and stresses --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Design --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Automobiles --- Design and construction. --- Automotive engineering --- Automobile engineering

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The control of mechanical systems with constraints has been a topic of intense research in the control and dynamical systems community for the past two decades. In particular, systems with velocity and/or acceleration level constraints which appear in many applications like - robotics, spacecrafts, launch vehicles, underwater vehicles - have been studied intensively. This monograph is a self-contained exposition on a switched, finite-time, control strategy for this class of systems. Beginning with basic definitions and mathematical preliminaries, the monograph works its way up to the main control algorithm. Three well-studied applications are chosen to demonstrate the algorithm. Other facets of the algorithm and an alternate algorithm are also briefly touched upon. The monograph is intended for graduate students and researchers in the area of nonlinear control and dynamical systems.

Automatic control --- Nonlinear control theory --- Switching theory --- Mobile robots --- Ground-effect machines --- Submersibles --- Commande automatique --- Commande non linéaire --- Commutation, Théorie de la --- Engineering. --- Systems theory. --- Control Engineering. --- Systems Theory, Control. --- Automation and Robotics. --- Submergibles --- Undersea vehicles --- Underwater vehicles --- Air-bearing vehicles --- Air-cushion vehicles --- Ground pressure vehicles, Minimum --- Ground proximity machines --- Hovercraft --- Control engineering --- Control equipment --- Construction --- System theory. --- Control engineering. --- Robotics. --- Mechatronics. --- Engineering, general. --- Control, Robotics, Mechatronics. --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Systems, Theory of --- Systems science --- Science --- Philosophy --- Mechanical engineering --- Microelectronics --- Microelectromechanical systems --- Automation --- Machine theory --- Control theory --- Engineering instruments --- Programmable controllers --- Automatic control.

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Hydropower is an essential part of the renewable energy sector. High efficiency, immediate availability, and safe operation of hydroelectric power plants are the three key issues in recent developments in the hydropower sector. This book brings together the latest achievements addressing these key factors. In addition, one contribution deals with the alternative harvesting of hydro energy from pivoted cylinders by generating flow-induced vibrations, which are unwanted phenomena in classical pump–turbine units.

Technology: general issues --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- annular seal --- CFD --- dynamic coefficients --- fluid forces --- nonlinear dynamic model --- static eccentricity --- reversible hydraulic machines --- penstocks --- pressure pipelines --- performance tests --- flow rate measurements --- volumetric gauging method --- pressure-time method --- water-hammer --- pump-turbine --- flow patterns --- pressure pulsations --- similarities --- differences --- S-shaped characteristics --- runaway transient process --- VIV --- FIV --- renewable energy --- pivoted cylinder --- cross section --- geometry --- pump as turbine (PAT) --- Francis turbine --- calculation model --- efficiency --- hydropower --- computational fluid dynamics --- hydraulic efficiency --- Gibson method --- manifolds --- turbine --- thermodynamic method --- air cushion surge tank (ACST) --- air friction model --- flexible hydro power plants --- mechanistic model --- OpenHPL

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles wrapped in a lipid bilayer membrane and are naturally released from cells. This kind of cargo vessel is a nanostructure that mainly transfers lipids, proteins, various nucleic acid fragments, and metabolic components to neighboring cells or distant parts of the body through the circulatory system. EVs are of great significance to the communication mechanism between cells. This book collects feature articles to enhance our understanding of the biological characteristics of EVs and their potential applications.

Medicine --- extracellular vesicle --- precision oncology --- cancer biomarker --- prostate cancer --- drug delivery --- extracellular vesicles --- lysosome --- nanocarriers --- ultrasound --- size exclusion chromatography --- differential ultracentrifugation --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) --- exosomes --- cancer --- biomarker --- diagnostic --- therapy --- liquid biopsy --- small extracellular vesicles (sEV) --- tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) --- melanoma cell-derived exosomes (MTEX) --- proteomics --- tumor microenvironment --- biomarkers --- ectosomes --- neoplasia --- microvesicles --- small extracellular vesicles --- isolation --- purification --- size-exclusion chromatography --- ultracentrifugation --- sucrose density cushion --- lymph node --- spleen --- solid tissue --- microvesicle --- exosome --- cancer therapeutic --- drug carrier --- flow cytometry --- immunophenotyping --- swarm detection --- tumor-associated macrophages --- macrophage polarization --- mannose receptor --- HIV-1 Nef --- glioblastoma --- microRNA --- immunoprecipitation --- CD44 --- human milk --- nutrient --- microbiota --- microRNAs --- nanocommunicator --- diagnostic biomarker --- drug delivery vehicle --- personalized cancer immunotherapy --- therapeutic agents --- cell-to-cell communication --- ionising radiation --- non-targeted effects --- signalling --- imaging flow cytometry --- biomarker reservoirs --- cancer diagnostics --- disease monitoring --- large EVs --- ovarian cancer cells --- ES-2 --- OAW-42 --- adipose tissue origin mesenchymal stem cells

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This Special Issue reports on recent research trends in hydraulics, hydrodynamics, and hydroinformatics, and their novel applications in practical engineering. The Issue covers a wide range of topics, including open channel flows, sediment transport dynamics, two-phase flows, flow-induced vibration and water quality. The collected papers provide insight into new developments in physical, mathematical, and numerical modelling of important problems in hydraulics and hydroinformatics, and include demonstrations of the application of such models in water resources engineering.

History of engineering & technology --- chute aerator --- spillway bottom --- air concentration --- air bubble frequency --- air bubble chord length --- evolution of precipitation --- model simulation --- information entropy theory --- desert–oasis areas --- Tarim Basin --- gravity wave model --- dam-break flood --- image processing technology --- experimental study --- cavitation bubble --- high-speed photography --- impact pressure --- micro-jet --- Ningxia–Inner Mongolia --- Yellow River --- riverbank collapse --- BSTEM model --- flood &amp --- dry season --- sediment transport --- finite crest length weir --- FGP (flaring gate pier) --- discharge coefficient --- subcritical flow --- river flow modeling --- sediment transport simulation --- automation of flow modeling --- HEC-RAS controller --- python scripting --- three-dimensional aerator --- multi-horizontal-submerged jets --- energy dissipation --- near-field vibration --- fluctuating pressure --- gate-opening modes --- collapse near a wall --- double cavitation bubble --- tilt distribution cavitation --- parallel cavitation --- pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model --- numerical simulation --- pooled stepped spillway --- pool weir --- flow property --- surface-piercing propeller --- artificial ventilation --- hydrodynamic performance --- LES-VOF method --- flow-induced vibration --- plane gate --- numerical analysis --- bridge scour --- submerged flow --- physical hydraulic modeling --- ski-jump flow --- spillway outlet --- jet trajectory --- experimental model --- rainfall intensity distribution --- two water jets --- collision in air --- Gaussian distribution --- trajectory line --- clogging --- drip irrigation --- flushing --- particle size distribution --- sediments --- submerged jets --- aerated flow --- plunge pool --- trapezoidal cross-section --- U-shaped channel --- radius-to-width ratio --- slope coefficient --- hydraulic characteristics --- hydraulic jump --- Froude number --- stilling basin with shallow-water cushion (SBSWC) --- large eddy simulation --- best depth --- CFD–DEM coupling --- hydrocyclone --- particle shape --- particle size --- water and sediment separation --- stepped dropshaft --- flow region --- central angle of step --- free surface measurement --- optical motion capturing --- tank test --- wave gauge --- sloshing --- offset jet --- potential core --- decay rate --- k-ε model --- abutment --- overtopping flow --- pressure flow --- scour and velocity field --- Y-shaped confluence channel --- non-submerged rigid vegetation --- longitudinal velocity --- secondary flow --- turbulent kinetic energy --- wetland --- lattice Boltzmann method --- shallow lake --- drag force --- water-saving irrigation development level --- Sichuan province --- TOPSIS method --- experiment --- particle image velocimetry --- 3D confined wall jet --- mean flow --- multiple bubble collapse --- pressure wave energy --- energy conversion rate --- consistent particle method --- solitary wave --- submerged breakwater --- breaking wave --- vortex --- free surface flow --- embankment weir --- bridge piers --- turbulence --- CFD --- sediment --- transforming mechanism --- open channel bend --- velocity distribution --- PIV --- hyporheic exchange --- surface−groundwater flow process --- influencing factors --- orthogonal tests --- sensitivity analysis --- linearly moved irrigation system --- application depth --- moving speed --- uniformity coefficient --- tidal discharge --- phase difference --- tidal channel junction --- flow division --- fluvial acoustic tomography --- wavelet analysis --- DEM --- hydrodynamic modelling --- river bathymetry --- floods --- Bathy-supp --- coherent vortex structure --- backward-facing step --- synchronized PIV --- separation and reattachment --- free shear layer --- vortical evolution