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"In the spring of 1911 the writer was called on by the Coca-Cola Company, of Atlanta, Ga., for an opinion as to the influence of caffein on mental and motor processes. In the absence of adequate reliable data (see discussion of previous investigations) it seemed necessary to conduct a set of careful experiments before any opinion could be rendered with either fairness or certainty, which was the task that this book took on. The results for each chapter's experiments are briefly summarized at the close of the chapters. It is clear at once that caffein influences all the tests in a given group in much the same way. The effect on motor processes comes quickly and is transient. The effect on higher mental processes comes more slowly and is more persistent. Whether this result is due to quicker reaction on the part of motor nerve centers, or whether it is due to a direct peripheral effect on the muscle tissue, the pure psychologist can hardly be expected to know. Physiological experiment, however, seems to indicate that caffein has a direct effect on the muscle tissue, and that this effect is fairly rapid in appearance. The physiology of absorption also explains the fact that the presence of food substance in the stomach retards and reduces the caffein influence. The dependence of the amount of the caffein influence on the body weight of the individual has already been explained in terms of the amount of the substance ingested per unit of tissue affected". (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved).

Caffeine habit.

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Caffeine is present in coffee and many other beverages and is the most widely used central nervous system stimulant. Coffee drinking or caffeine supplementation may have a role in preventing cardiometabolic and endocrine disease, neuroinflammation, cancer, and even all-cause mortality. Other aspects are either less known or controversial, including the effects on the brain-gut axis, neurodevelopment, behavior, pain, muscle-skeletal health, skin or sexual function. Studies focusing on special populations (neonates, children, adolescents, athletes, elderly, pregnant and nonpregnant women), or interactions with other drugs and foods, are relatively scarce but of obvious interest. Other compounds present in coffee and other caffeinated food stuffs may affect caffeine´s physiological effects with a tremendous impact on health. This Special Issue, which contains twenty-one manuscripts, has focused on some of these varied topics, providing further evidence of the multiple health benefits that coffee/caffeine intake may exert in humans, at least in specific populations (with a particular genetic profile or suffering from specific diseases). However, the specific effects in the different organs and systems, as well as the mechanisms involved are not yet clear. Furthermore, within the current context aiming to sustainable development, the coffee plant Coffee sp. and its so-far relatively neglected by-products are expected to become soon a source of ingredients for new functional foods whose properties will need to be precisely determined. We hope the readers of this Special Issue will find inspiration for new studies on the topic.

Biology --- Caffeine --- History. --- Physiological effect.

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Caffeine --- Caffeine. --- Coffeine --- Dihydrotrimethylpurinedione --- Guaranine --- Methyltheobromine --- Theine --- Trimethyldihydropurinedione --- Trimethyldioxopurine --- Trimethylxanthine --- 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine --- Berlin-Chemie Brand of Caffeine --- Bristol-Myers Squibb Brand of Caffeine --- Caffedrine --- Coffeinum N --- Coffeinum Purrum --- Dexitac --- Durvitan --- GlaxoSmithKline Brand of Caffeine --- Merck dura Brand of Caffeine --- No Doz --- Passauer Brand of Caffeine --- Percoffedrinol N --- Percutaféine --- Pierre Fabre Brand of Caffeine --- Quick-Pep --- Republic Drug Brand of Caffeine --- Seid Brand of Caffeine --- Thompson Brand 1 of Caffeine --- Thompson Brand 2 of Caffeine --- Vivarin --- Behavior --- Cognition --- Sleep Deprivation --- drug effects. --- chemically induced --- Physiological aspects --- Health aspects --- Physiological aspects. --- Health aspects. --- Coffee --- Methylxanthines --- Tea --- Xanthine --- Percutaf�eine --- Quick Pep --- QuickPep --- Percutaféine --- chemically induced.

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Ethanol, the main psychopharmacologically active ingredient of alcoholic drinks, represents a paradigmatic example of a research subject intrinsically able to perpetually self-generate interdisciplinary cutting-edge investigations. This eBook was inspired by the aim of providing an up-to-date characterization of the diverse effects of ethanol, of the possible mechanisms of action on different intracellular systems as well as of the hypothesized actions of ethanol and/or its metabolites on various neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Indeed, the eBook provides a factual example of an excellent synthesis on the complex relationship between ethanol and its main biologically active metabolites (Chapter 1), on the behavioral and molecular consequences of early exposure to them (Chapter 2), on the recent proposals, advanced by the preclinical research, for new therapeutic approaches to distinct aspects of alcoholism (Chapter 3) and on the most recent and original preclinical evidence of the interactions between ethanol and/or its metabolites and the dopaminergic, adenosinergic and endocannabinoidergic systems (Chapter 4). Overall we believe that this eBook accomplishes its main goals of widening the perspective on this research subject and offering the readership a newer and, simultaneously, up-to-date and comprehensive scenery on ethanol’s and ethanol's active metabolites neurophysiological and behavioral effects.

UchB --- Prenatal-exposure --- Self-administration --- Salsolinol --- Motivation --- Ehanol --- Stress --- Acetaldehyde --- Caffeine --- Nicotine

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Because of its ability to reduce tiredness, sleep deprivation and improve alertness, caffeine emerged in the twenty-first century as a miraculous specific, which allows humans to cross their normal physiological and psychological body limits. Its attractiveness comes from its natural origins and strong psycho-stimulating properties, with relatively weak side effects. Caffeine studies carry the hope to understand the associations between inherited genotype and drug action and to find highly personalized treatments for various diseases, more sophisticated drug delivery systems, safer ways of protecting plants and cheap, renewable fuels. This book consists of chapters covering caffeine history, methods of its determination and not only astonishing medicinal but also non-medicinal applications. It is our hope that every reader will find in this book something interesting, inspiring, informative and stimulating.

Caffeine. --- Coffeine --- Dihydrotrimethylpurinedione --- Guaranine --- Methyltheobromine --- Theine --- Trimethyldihydropurinedione --- Trimethyldioxopurine --- Trimethylxanthine --- Methylxanthines --- Life Sciences --- Food Technology --- Agricultural and Biological Sciences --- Bromatology