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Deep biosphere research is at the scientific frontier of bio- and geo-related sciences, yet it is largely underexplored. In terms of volume, deep subsurface settings represent some of the largest microbial habitats on the planet, and the combined biomass of the deep biosphere encompasses the largest living reservoir of carbon, excluding land plants. However, the paleo-record of the deep biosphere is still largely uncharted and neglected. The aim of this book is to highlight current research on deep life through time and bring together researchers with various perspectives. The book presents a collection of scientific contributions that provide a sample of forefront research in this field. The contributions involve a range of case studies of deep ancient life in continental and oceanic settings, of microbial diversity in sub-seafloor environments, and of the isolation of calcifying bacteria, as well as reviews on clay mineralization of fungal biofilms and on the carbon isotope records of the deep biosphere. Deciphering the fossil record of the deep biosphere is a challenging task but, when successful, will unlock doors to life’s cryptic past.

Research & information: general --- Impact structure --- fungal hyphae --- in situ radiometric dating --- secondary minerals --- stable isotopes --- subsurface --- sediment --- bacteria --- archaea --- deep biosphere --- clay authigenesis --- fossil fungi --- igneous crust --- cryptoendoliths --- subseafloor habitats --- fossilized microorganisms --- Ophiolite --- bacterial calcium-carbonate precipitation (BCP) --- calcifying bacteria selection --- calcifying mixed cultures --- ImageJ software --- Biolog EcoPlates --- sand biocementation --- carbon isotopes --- diagenetic carbonates --- methanogenesis --- anaerobic methane oxidation --- Wood–Ljungdahl pathway --- in situ U-Pb geochronology --- Caledonides --- deep drilling (COSC-1) --- geobiology --- deep time --- geochronology --- microorganisms --- evolution

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The book gives an overview on the progress that has been made in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), of acute and chronic myeloid leukemia (AML, CML) and of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Leukemia is the most common malignant disease in children, and 80% of patients are diagnosed with ALL and 15–20% with AML, whereas CML and JMML are rather rare. Although ALL was considered an incurable disease until the early 1960s, with the availability of cytotoxic drugs and the start of clinical multicenter studies, ALL has become an almost curable disease with a survival rate exceeding 90 % in high-income countries. These impressive results have mainly been achieved by a deeper understanding of the genomic landscape of the disease and the introduction of risk stratifications based on genetic features and response to chemotherapy as determined by the presence or absence of minimal residual disease (MRD). Immunotherapies including bispecific T-cell Engagers (BiTEs), Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, monoclonal antibodies and improvements in the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have shown impressive results in chemorefractory or relapsed patients, and it is anticipated that the cure rate can be further increased. For countries with less resources, therapies have to be adapted to increase survival as well. This book also updates on the progress made in the treatment of AML. As in ALL, risk classification based on genetic factors and response to chemotherapy is most important for therapy guidance. The book also provides updates and guidance for the treatment of CML and JMML.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- pediatric --- advances --- diagnosis --- treatment --- immunotherapy --- bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) --- BCP-ALL --- leukemia --- TRAIL --- antibody --- Fc-engineering --- xenograft --- CD19 --- juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia --- RAS signaling --- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation --- 5-azacitidine --- myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorders --- targeted therapy --- ADC --- antibody-drug conjugate --- pediatric leukemia --- ALL --- AML --- allogeneic stem cell transplantation --- acute myeloid leukemia --- minimal residual disease --- conditioning regimen --- alternative donors --- B-ALL --- DUX4 --- IKZF1 --- PAX5 --- Ph-like --- ZNF384 --- NUTM1 --- T-ALL --- NOTCH1 --- BCL11B --- transcriptome --- genome --- chronic myeloid leukemia --- CML --- tyrosine kinase inhibitor --- immunizations --- COVID-19 --- childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- low-risk ALL --- risk-stratified treatment --- treatment related toxicity --- L-asparaginase --- acute pancreatitis --- polymorphism --- SNV --- ABCC4 --- CFTR --- other extramedullary relapse --- lymphoblastic leukemia --- children --- prognosis --- evolution of CAR T cells --- FDA-approved CAR products --- TcR versus CAR --- limitations and complications of CAR T cell therapy --- future directions of CAR T cell therapy