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L’hypoadrénocortiscisme est un trouble endocrinien qui affecte principalement les chiens jeunes à d’âge moyen, avec une prévalence plus élevée chez les femelles (Klein and Peterson, 2010a). Cette pathologie se caractérise par une insuffisance de sécrétion de glucocorticoïdes souvent accompagné d’une insuffisance de sécrétion de minéralocorticoïdes (Klein and Peterson, 2010a). Ce trouble se présente sous diverses formes qui diffèrent selon leur étiologie et stade de progression.(Klein and Peterson, 2010 ; Lathan, 2023).
Chroniquement, l’hypoadrénocorticisme possède une symptomatologie imitant d’autres pathologies multi systémiques (Rijnberk and Kooistra, 2010). La présentation aigue de la pathologie nommée crise addisonienne constitue une urgence médicale car elle engage le pronostic vital (Greco, 2007). Un diagnostic précis est essentiel pour garantir une prise en charge appropriée du patient, prévenir les crises addisoniennes et améliorer la qualité de vie de l’animal.
Actuellement, le diagnostic définitif de la pathologie repose principalement sur le test de stimulation à l’ACTH, qui évalue les niveaux de cortisol sériques avant et après l’administration d’un analogue synthétique de l’ACTH, comme le tétracosactide. Cependant, d'autres analyses s’avèrent être intéressantes selon le degré de suspicion de la maladie pour aider à exclure ce trouble des diagnostics différentiels. 
Le traitement à long terme repose sur la supplémentation hormonale adaptée selon les signes cliniques avec un suivi jusqu’à stabilisation clinique et l’atteinte de paramètres sériques normaux. En cas de crises addisonienne, véritable urgence vitale, la prise en charge nécessite d’abord de corriger l’hypovolémie par une fluidothérapie, associée à des traitements ciblés si nécessaire (Klein and Peterson, 2010b).
Enfin, une étude antérieure (Frank and Oliver, 1998) a étudié l'effet de la congélation du tétracosactide pendant des périodes allant jusqu'à six mois, mais les effets de périodes de congélation plus longues n'avaient pas encore été investiguées. Dans une étude expérimentale prospective de type cas-croisé menée à la CVU, nous avons comparé la bioactivité du tétracosactide fraîchement reconstitué à celle du tétracosactide reconstitué puis stocké à -20°C pendant plus d'un an. La congélation du tétracosactide pourrait non seulement réduire le coût de la prise en charge des maladies endocriniennes nécessitant un test de stimulation à l'ACTH, mais également de prévenir les problèmes d'indisponibilité du produit déjà signalés. Hypoadrenocorticism is an endocrine disorder that primarily affects young to middle-aged dogs, with a higher prevalence in females (Klein and Peterson, 2010a). This condition is characterized by insufficient secretion of glucocorticoids, often accompanied by insufficient secretion of mineralocorticoids (Klein and Peterson, 2010a). The disorder manifests in various forms that differ based on their etiology and stage of progression (Klein and Peterson, 2010; Lathan, 2023).
Chronically, hypoadrenocorticism presents with symptoms that mimic other multisystemic disorders (Rijnberk and Kooistra, 2010). The acute presentation of the disease, known as an Addisonian crisis, is a medical emergency due to its life-threatening nature (Greco, 2007). Accurate diagnosis is crucial to ensure proper patient management, prevent Addisonian crises, and improve the animal's quality of life.
Currently, the definitive diagnosis of the condition primarily relies on the ACTH stimulation test, which measures serum cortisol levels before and after the administration of a synthetic ACTH analogue, such as tetracosactide. However, other analyses can be valuable depending on the level of suspicion for the disease, to help rule out this disorder from differential diagnoses.
Long-term treatment involves appropriate hormonal supplementation based on clinical signs, with monitoring until clinical stabilization and normalization of serum parameters. In the event of an Addisonian crisis, a true medical emergency, management first requires correcting hypovolemia through fluid therapy, along with targeted treatments if necessary (Klein and Peterson, 2010b).
Finally, a previous study (Frank and Oliver, 1998) examined the effects of freezing tetracosactide for periods up to six months, but the effects of longer freezing periods had not yet been investigated. In a prospective cross-over experimental study conducted at the CVU, we compared the bioactivity of freshly reconstituted tetracosactide with that of tetracosactide reconstituted and then stored at -20°C for over a year. Freezing tetracosactide could not only reduce the cost of managing endocrine diseases requiring ACTH stimulation testing but also help prevent previously reported issues of product unavailability.

ACTH --- Canine hypoadrenocorticism --- Adrenal gland --- Glucocorticoids --- Mineralocorticoids --- ACTH stimulation test --- Diagnosis --- Tetracosactide --- Sciences du vivant > Médecine vétérinaire & santé animale

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By stimulating adrenal gland and corticosteroid synthesis, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a central role in response to stress. In this Research Topic, a particular attention has been given to the recent developments on adrenocortical zonation; the growth-promoting activities of ACTH; the various steps involved in acute and chronic regulation of steroid secretion by ACTH, including the effect of ACTH on circadian rhythms of glucocorticoid secretion. The Research Topic also reviews progress and challenges surrounding the properties of ACTH binding to the MC2 receptor (MC2R), including the importance of melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) in MC2R expression and function, the various intracellular signaling cascades, which involve not only protein kinase A, the key mediator of ACTH action, but also phosphatases, phosphodiesterases, ion channels and the cytoskeleton. The importance of the proteins involved in the cell detoxification is also considered, in particular the effect that ACTH has on protection against reactive oxygen species generated during steroidogenesis. The impact of the cellular microenvironment, including local production of ACTH is discussed, both as an important factor in the maintenance of homeostasis, but also in pathological situations, such as severe inflammation. Finally, the Research Topic reviews the role that the pituitary-adrenal axis may have in the development of metabolic disorders. In addition to mutations or alterations of expression of genes encoding components of the steroidogenesis and signaling pathways, chronic stress and sleep disturbance are both associated with hyperactivity of the adrenal gland. A resulting effect is increased glucocorticoid secretion inducing food intake and weight gain, which, in turn, leads to insulin and leptin resistance. These aspects are described in detail in this Research Topic by key investigators in the field. Many of the aspects addressed in this Research Topic still represent a stimulus for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence of the central position occupied by the adrenal cortex in many metabolic functions when its homeostasis is disrupted. An in-depth investigation of the mechanisms underlying these pathways will be invaluable in developing new therapeutic tools and strategies.

ACTH. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. --- Adrenal Cortex --- cortisol --- MC2R --- signaling --- corticosteroids --- proliferation --- adrenal tumors --- Cushing --- ACTH --- Aldosterone --- Adrenal Cortex --- cortisol --- MC2R --- signaling --- corticosteroids --- proliferation --- adrenal tumors --- Cushing --- ACTH --- Aldosterone

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Coronary heart disease. --- ACTH --- Adrenocortical hormones --- Adrenal Cortex Hormones --- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone --- Coronary Disease --- Therapeutic use. --- therapeutic use. --- etiology. --- drug therapy.

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This book includes articles written by over 80 specialists from many countries that demonstrate the biological functions of ultrasonic vocalizations and how they are used in studies of vocal expression of emotional states and in numerous animal models of neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. Results of investigations of emissions of ultrasonic vocalizations are useful in studies of emotional disturbances, affective disorders, autism spectrum disorders, addiction, developmental abnormalities, and many other pathologies.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- ultrasonic vocalization --- maternal immune activation --- autism --- communication --- rat --- sex differences --- social play --- rats --- anxiety --- observational fear learning --- USV --- maternal separation --- pup --- vasopressin antagonists --- righting reflex --- negative geotaxis --- ACTH --- corticosterone --- Brattleboro rat --- larynx --- female --- male --- 50-khz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) --- individual differences --- chronic variable stress (CVS) --- dopamine --- nucleus accumbens --- microdialysis --- evolution of vocalization --- 22 kHz calls --- 50 kHz calls --- infant isolation calls --- emotional arousal --- mesolimbic dopaminergic system --- mesolimbic cholinergic system --- hedonia --- ultrasonic vocalizations --- cognitive development --- respiration --- brain oscillations --- Cav1.2 --- calcium --- animal model --- rough-and-tumble play --- social approach --- playback --- social contact call --- alarm call --- social buffering --- distress --- emotional contagion --- fear contagion --- aversive state --- automated scoring --- addiction --- mental health --- machine learning --- drug discovery --- drug development --- Parkinson's disease --- alpha-synuclein --- 6-OHDA --- Pink1 --- DJ1 --- exercise --- pharmacology --- pathology --- hypervigilance --- hyperreactivity --- exaggerated reactivity --- generalization --- PTSD --- depression --- heart rate --- Wistar --- 22-kHz calls --- 50-kHz calls --- affect --- aversion --- NOR --- reward --- working memory --- Y maze --- opioids --- fentanyl --- self-administration --- play --- food --- dam-pup interaction --- ethanol --- pup isolation --- rat pup --- 50 kHz vocalizations --- 22 kHz vocalizations --- amphetamine --- chemogenetics --- clozapine-n-oxide --- UMAP --- males --- females --- vocalizations --- fear extinction --- pain --- ultrasonic vocalization --- maternal immune activation --- autism --- communication --- rat --- sex differences --- social play --- rats --- anxiety --- observational fear learning --- USV --- maternal separation --- pup --- vasopressin antagonists --- righting reflex --- negative geotaxis --- ACTH --- corticosterone --- Brattleboro rat --- larynx --- female --- male --- 50-khz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) --- individual differences --- chronic variable stress (CVS) --- dopamine --- nucleus accumbens --- microdialysis --- evolution of vocalization --- 22 kHz calls --- 50 kHz calls --- infant isolation calls --- emotional arousal --- mesolimbic dopaminergic system --- mesolimbic cholinergic system --- hedonia --- ultrasonic vocalizations --- cognitive development --- respiration --- brain oscillations --- Cav1.2 --- calcium --- animal model --- rough-and-tumble play --- social approach --- playback --- social contact call --- alarm call --- social buffering --- distress --- emotional contagion --- fear contagion --- aversive state --- automated scoring --- addiction --- mental health --- machine learning --- drug discovery --- drug development --- Parkinson's disease --- alpha-synuclein --- 6-OHDA --- Pink1 --- DJ1 --- exercise --- pharmacology --- pathology --- hypervigilance --- hyperreactivity --- exaggerated reactivity --- generalization --- PTSD --- depression --- heart rate --- Wistar --- 22-kHz calls --- 50-kHz calls --- affect --- aversion --- NOR --- reward --- working memory --- Y maze --- opioids --- fentanyl --- self-administration --- play --- food --- dam-pup interaction --- ethanol --- pup isolation --- rat pup --- 50 kHz vocalizations --- 22 kHz vocalizations --- amphetamine --- chemogenetics --- clozapine-n-oxide --- UMAP --- males --- females --- vocalizations --- fear extinction --- pain