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Myocardium --- Nanomedicine. --- Nanomedicine --- Diseases --- Treatment --- Technological innovations. --- methods --- Cardiac Muscle --- Myocardia --- Muscle, Cardiac --- Muscle, Heart --- Cardiac Muscles --- Heart Muscle --- Heart Muscles --- Muscles, Cardiac --- Muscles, Heart --- Heart --- Medicine --- Nanotechnology --- Cardiac muscle --- Heart muscle --- Muscles --- Muscle --- Myocardium. --- methods.

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This book details the advances in cardiac MRI that have enabled quantitative tissue characterization of the myocardium using myocardial and blood T1 measurements, which have enabled reliable detection of diffuse pathological processes in both the cardiomyocytes and the interstitial cells of the myocardium. Evaluation of the native myocardial and interstitial fibrosis, and measurement of the extracellular volume fraction has allowed an unprecedented opportunity to elucidate the pathology, diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. T1-Mapping in Myocardial Disease: Principles and Applications reviews a wide spectrum of significant cardiovascular disease and provides relevant guidance for the clinical implementation of this innovative technique. The specific topics covered include principles of T1-mapping in cardiovascular disease and the role of T1-mapping in hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiotoxicity from cancer treatment, cardiacfibrosis, left ventricular hypertrophy in aortic stenosis, peri-infarct injury in ischemic cardiomyopathy, and stem cell therapy. This comprehensive coverage of the utility of T1-mapping in cardiovascular diseases will greatly appeal to the entire cardiovascular medicine and imaging communities. .

Heart --- Myocardium --- Cardiac muscle --- Heart muscle --- Muscles --- Magnetic resonance imaging. --- Diseases --- Diagnosis. --- Muscle --- Magnetic resonance imaging --- Imaging --- Cardiology. --- Radiology, Medical. --- Diagnostic Radiology. --- Clinical radiology --- Radiology, Medical --- Radiology (Medicine) --- Medical physics --- Internal medicine --- Radiology. --- Radiological physics --- Physics --- Radiation

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Poised at the convergence of most catabolic and anabolic pathways, mitochondria are the center of heterotrophic aerobic life, representing a hub in the overall metabolic network of cells. The energetic functions performed by mitochondria face the unavoidable redox hurdle of handling huge amounts of oxygen while keeping its own as well as the cellular redox environment under control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the respiratory chain as a result of the energy supplying function of mitochondria. Originally considered an unavoidable by-product of oxidative phosphorylation, ROS have become crucial signaling molecules when their levels are kept within physiological range. This occurs when their production and scavenging are balanced within mitochondria and cells. Mitochondria-generated hydrogen peroxide can act as a signaling molecule within mitochondria or in the cytoplasm, affecting multiple networks that control, for example, cell cycle, stress response, cell migration and adhesion, energy metabolism, redox balance, cell contraction, and ion channels. However, under pathophysiological conditions, excessive ROS levels can happen due to either overproduction, overwhelming of antioxidant defenses, or both. Under oxidative stress, detrimental effects of ROS include oxidation of protein, lipids, and nucleic acids; mitochondrial depolarization and calcium overload; and cell-wide oscillations mediated by ROS-induced ROS release mechanisms. Mitochondrial dysfunction is central in the pathogenesis of numerous human maladies including cardiomyopathies and neurodegeneration. Diseases characterized by altered nutrient metabolism, such as diabetes and cancer, exhibit elevated ROS levels. These may contribute to pathogenesis by increasing DNA mutation, affecting regulatory signaling and transcription, and promoting inflammation. Under metabolic stress, several ionic channels present in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes can have pro-life and -death effects. In the present E-book, based on the Frontiers Research Topic entitled: "Mitochondria: Hubs of cellular signaling, energetics and redox balance", we address one of the fundamental questions that the field of ROS biology faces today: how do mitochondria accomplish a reliable energy provision and at the same time keep ROS levels within physiological, non-harming, limits but crucial for cellular signaling function? Additionally, and within the perspective of mitochondria as signaling-energetic hubs in the extensive cellular metabolic network, we ask how can their collective dynamics scale from the subcellular to the cellular, tissue and organ levels to affect function in health and disease.

redox and energetic compartmentation --- light- and anesthetics-induced cardioprotection --- redox metabolism and signaling --- hypertrophic and diabetic cardiomyopathies --- skeletal-cardiac muscle and brain protection --- ketone bodies --- post-translational modifications --- redox aging --- lipid catabolism --- necroptosis --- redox and energetic compartmentation --- light- and anesthetics-induced cardioprotection --- redox metabolism and signaling --- hypertrophic and diabetic cardiomyopathies --- skeletal-cardiac muscle and brain protection --- ketone bodies --- post-translational modifications --- redox aging --- lipid catabolism --- necroptosis

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Muscles --- Myocardium --- Muscular Diseases. --- Cardiomyopathies. --- Diseases --- Diseases. --- Cardiomyopathies --- Cardiomyopathy --- Myocardial diseases --- Myocardiopathies --- Myocardiopathy --- Myopathy --- Cardiomyopathies, Primary --- Cardiomyopathies, Secondary --- Primary Myocardial Diseases --- Secondary Myocardial Diseases --- Myocardial Diseases --- Myocardial Diseases, Primary --- Myocardial Diseases, Secondary --- Cardiomyopathy, Primary --- Cardiomyopathy, Secondary --- Disease, Myocardial --- Disease, Primary Myocardial --- Disease, Secondary Myocardial --- Diseases, Myocardial --- Diseases, Primary Myocardial --- Diseases, Secondary Myocardial --- Myocardial Disease --- Myocardial Disease, Primary --- Myocardial Disease, Secondary --- Primary Cardiomyopathies --- Primary Cardiomyopathy --- Primary Myocardial Disease --- Secondary Cardiomyopathies --- Secondary Cardiomyopathy --- Secondary Myocardial Disease --- Myopathic Conditions --- Muscle Disorders --- Myopathies --- Muscle Disorder --- Muscular Disease --- Myopathic Condition --- Cardiac muscle --- Heart --- Heart muscle --- Muscle --- Musculature --- Myodynamics --- Myology --- Musculoskeletal system --- Tissues --- Malalties musculars. --- Miocardiopaties. --- Cardiomiopaties --- Miocardiopatia --- Infart de miocardi --- Miocarditis --- Miopaties --- Malalties de l'aparell locomotor --- Malalties de la llengua --- Malalties neuromusculars --- Miàlgia

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In the first contribution, Morbiducci and co-workers discuss the theoretical and methodological bases supporting the Lagrangian- and Euler-based methods, highlighting their application to cardiovascular flows. The second contribution, by the Ansón and van Lenthe groups, proposes an automated virtual bench test for evaluating the stability of custom shoulder implants without the necessity of mechanical testing. Urdeitx and Doweidar, in the third paper, also adopt the finite element method for developing a computational model aim to study cardiac cell behavior under mechano-electric stimulation. In the fourth contribution, Ayensa-Jiménez et al. develop a methodology to approximate the multidimensional probability density function of the parametric analysis obtained developing a mathematical model of the cancer evolution. The fifth paper is oriented to the topological data analysis; the group of Cueto and Chinesta designs a predictive model capable of estimating the state of drivers using the data collected from motion sensors. In the sixth contribution, the Ohayon and Finet group uses wall shear stress-derived descriptors to study the role of recirculation in the arterial restenosis due to different malapposed and overlapping stent conditions. In the seventh contribution, the research group of Antón demonstrates that the simulation time can be reduced for cardiovascular numerical analysis considering an adequate geometry-reduction strategy applicable to truncated patient specific artery. In the eighth paper, Grasa and Calvo present a numerical model based on the finite element method for simulating extraocular muscle dynamics. The ninth paper, authored by Kahla et al., presents a mathematical mechano-pharmaco-biological model for bone remodeling. Martínez, Peña, and co-workers propose in the tenth paper a methodology to calibrate the dissection properties of aorta layer, with the aim of providing useful information for reliable numerical tools. In the eleventh contribution, Martínez-Bocanegra et al. present the structural behavior of a foot model using a detailed finite element model. The twelfth contribution is centered on the methodology to perform a finite, element-based, numerical model of a hydroxyapatite 3D printed bone scaffold. In the thirteenth paper, Talygin and Gorodkov present analytical expressions describing swirling jets for cardiovascular applications. In the fourteenth contribution, Schenkel and Halliday propose a novel non-Newtonian particle transport model for red blood cells. Finally, Zurita et al. propose a parametric numerical tool for analyzing a silicone customized 3D printable trachea-bronchial prosthesis.

Technology: general issues --- finite element analysis --- shoulder implant stability --- implant design --- reverse shoulder arthroplasty --- micromotion --- in-silico --- 3D model --- cardiac cell --- cardiac muscle tissue --- cardiomyocyte --- electrical stimulation --- copulas --- design of experiments --- glioblastoma multiforme --- mathematical modelling --- Morse theory --- topological data analysis --- machine learning --- time series --- smart driving --- fixed points --- manifolds --- divergence --- hemodynamics --- computational fluid dynamics --- overlap --- malapposition --- stent --- stenosis --- thrombosis --- radioembolization --- liver cancer --- hepatic artery --- computational cost analysis --- personalized medicine --- patient specific --- finite element method --- implicit FEM --- explicit FEM --- skeletal muscle --- biomechanics --- mathematical model --- cell dynamics --- bone physiology --- bone disorders --- aortic dissection --- delamination tests --- cohesive zone model --- porcine aorta --- vascular mechanics --- foot finite element method --- foot and ankle model --- shared nodes --- separated mesh --- plantar pressure --- finite element modelling --- bone tissue engineering --- 3D scaffold --- additive manufacturing --- potential swirling flow --- Navier–Stokes equations --- unsteady swirling flow --- tornado-like jets --- haemorheology --- blood flow modelling --- particle transport --- numerical fluid mechanics --- tracheobronchial stent --- parametric model --- 3D printing --- customized prosthesis --- finite element analysis --- shoulder implant stability --- implant design --- reverse shoulder arthroplasty --- micromotion --- in-silico --- 3D model --- cardiac cell --- cardiac muscle tissue --- cardiomyocyte --- electrical stimulation --- copulas --- design of experiments --- glioblastoma multiforme --- mathematical modelling --- Morse theory --- topological data analysis --- machine learning --- time series --- smart driving --- fixed points --- manifolds --- divergence --- hemodynamics --- computational fluid dynamics --- overlap --- malapposition --- stent --- stenosis --- thrombosis --- radioembolization --- liver cancer --- hepatic artery --- computational cost analysis --- personalized medicine --- patient specific --- finite element method --- implicit FEM --- explicit FEM --- skeletal muscle --- biomechanics --- mathematical model --- cell dynamics --- bone physiology --- bone disorders --- aortic dissection --- delamination tests --- cohesive zone model --- porcine aorta --- vascular mechanics --- foot finite element method --- foot and ankle model --- shared nodes --- separated mesh --- plantar pressure --- finite element modelling --- bone tissue engineering --- 3D scaffold --- additive manufacturing --- potential swirling flow --- Navier–Stokes equations --- unsteady swirling flow --- tornado-like jets --- haemorheology --- blood flow modelling --- particle transport --- numerical fluid mechanics --- tracheobronchial stent --- parametric model --- 3D printing --- customized prosthesis