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The 18th century was a wealth of knowledge, exploration and rapidly growing technology and expanding record-keeping made possible by advances in the printing press. In its determination to preserve the century of revolution, Gale initiated a revolution of its own: digitization of epic proportions to preserve these invaluable works in the largest archive of its kind. Now for the first time these high-quality digital copies of original 18th century manuscripts are available in print, making them highly accessible to libraries, undergraduate students, and independent scholars. The Age of Enlightenment profoundly enriched religious and philosophical understanding and continues to influence present-day thinking. Works collected here include masterpieces by David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as well as religious sermons and moral debates on the issues of the day, such as the slave trade. The Age of Reason saw conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism transformed into one between faith and logic -- a debate that continues in the twenty-first century.

Grammar, Comparative and general.

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Inscrit depuis quarante ans dans le domaine de la syntaxe, le phénomène de l'antipassif est traditionnellement associé aux langues à alignement ergatif. Ce travail cherche donc à savoir si la corrélation de l'antipassif avec l'alignement ergatif se vérifie sur l'axe translinguistique. En d'autres termes, jusqu'à quel point doit-on insister sur la dépendance entre l'antipassif et l'alignement ergatif ? Pour comprendre pourquoi le phénomène de l'antipassif a longtemps été négligé dans la description des langues accusatives et quels sont les arguments en faveur d'une telle analyse, cette étude s'appuie sur une approche translinguistique et sur une vision bipolaire relative aux domaines de la syntaxe et de la sémantique. Dans cet ouvrage, l'auteur s'attache à l'analyse descriptive des constructions antipassives formellement marquées. Étant donné qu'une certaine proportion de langues ergatives utilise, pour dériver l'antipassif, la marque polysémique réfléchie et/ou réciproque, cette étude s'est penchée sur les langues accusatives dont la marque antipassive présente la même caractéristique, d'où l'intérêt porté aux langues austronésiennes, du Niger-Congo, Nilo-sahariennes, turciques, et indoeuropéennes, en particulier aux langues slaves et romanes

Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general

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GRAMMAR, COMPARATIVE AND GENERAL --- DEMONSTRATIVES

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This volume deals with the pragmatic dimension of negations and is oriented towards empirical studies of negatives' meanings and functions in media and public discourses. Negation is one of our most central phenomena in human language and we use it daily for a vast range of different purposes: for rejection, denial and for expressing non-existence. Negation is certainly one of the most multidimensional and complex units in language, semantically, cognitively and syntactically, as well as from a functional, pragmatic, perspective. Depending of the theoretical framework, sentence negation in particular has been identified as a modal operator, a truth-value operator, a rhetoric device, a figure of thought, a polarity item and a marker of linguistic polyphony and as a linguistic unit with a variety of discursive and contextual meanings. There remain, nevertheless, a large number of unsolved questions regarding negative forms of expressions and negative functions within specific languages, within different social settings and throughout the languages of the world. Thus, by bringing together scholars from different countries, with studies on different languages this volume aims to shed light and contribute to new knowledge about the forms and functionality of this universal phenomenon. Linguists and pragmaticiens generally agree that the use of negatives escapes logic and pure semantic description and is therefore best analysed with tools from cognitive and pragmatic theories. Similar themes connected to negatives approached from different perspectives and examined in different languages offer a contrastive reading that actually enlarges the spectra of new knowledge presented in the books's chapters. Based on hypotheses within pragmatics and discourse analysis, the main assumption is here that forms of expressing negatives emerge and adjust constantly and in accordance with the cultural domain and the social setting of their appearance. This is why this volume focuses on the functions of negative expressions in specific domains and types of discourses.

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Negatives.

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This book constitutes the first typologically oriented monograph on morphomes, which is the term given to systematic morphological identities, usually within inflectional paradigms, that do not map onto syntactic or semantic natural classes like 'plural', 'past', 'third-person singular'. Its first half addresses the theoretical and empirical challenges surrounding the identification and definition of morphomes, and surveys their links with related notions like syncretism, homophony, blocking, segmentation, economy, morphophonology, etc. It also presents the different ways in which morphomic structures have been observed to emerge, change, and disappear from a language. The second part of the book contains its core contribution: a database with 120 morphomes across 79 languages from all around the world. These structures are first presented in painstaking philological detail, and then deconstructed into logically independent axes of variation, identified in the spirit of Multivariate Typology. Statistical analysis is then undertaken to spot trends and correlations which are subsequently discussed. Various findings, relevant to both proponents and detractors of Autonomous Morphology, have emerged regarding, for example, the idiosyncratic (i.e. not representative) nature of Romance morphomes, the existence of cross-linguistically recurrent unnatural patterns, and the preference for more natural structures even among morphomes. The database is also expected to allow explorations of other issues, such as how learnability and communicative efficiency pressures impact morphological structure, and lexical and grammatical informativity across the word.

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Morphology.