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Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Computer science --- Informatics --- Science --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Computer science. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Logique symbolique et mathématique. --- Informatique. --- Logik. --- Mathematische Logik. --- Aufsatzsammlung. --- Logica. --- Systeemtheorie. --- Logica matematica. --- Logique.

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Legal theory, political sciences, sociology, philosophy, logic, artificial intelligence: there are many approaches to legal argumentation. Each of them provides specific insights into highly complex phenomena. Different disciplines, but also different traditions in disciplines (e.g. analytical and continental traditions in philosophy) find here a rare occasion to meet. The present book contains contributions, both historical and thematic, from leading researchers in several of the most important approaches to legal rationality. One of the main issues is the relation between logic and law: the way logic is actually used in law, but also the way logic can make law explicit. An outstanding group of philosophers, logicians and jurists try to meet this issue. The book is more than a collection of papers. However different their respective conceptual tools may be, the authors share a common conception: legal argumentation is a specific argumentation context.

Argumentation. --- Language and logic -- Congresses. --- Law -- Methodology -- Congresses. --- Logic -- Congresses. --- Law --- Philosophy & Religion --- Law, Politics & Government --- Law, General & Comparative --- Philosophy --- Methodology --- Sociological jurisprudence. --- Rationalism. --- Philosophy. --- Law. --- Political science. --- Logic. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- History of Philosophy. --- Political Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Jurisprudence --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Religion --- Belief and doubt --- Deism --- Free thought --- Realism --- Law and society --- Society and law --- Sociology of law --- Sociology --- Law and the social sciences --- Philosophy (General). --- Artificial Intelligence. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Law—Philosophy. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Legislation --- History. --- Legal history --- History and criticism

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theywereextensivelydiscussedbyallauthorsina3-dayHandbookmeeting. These are: • a chapter on non-monotonic logic • a chapter on combinatory logic and ?-calculus We felt at the time (1979) that non-monotonic logic was not ready for a chapter yet and that combinatory logic and ?-calculus was too far re- 1 moved. Non-monotonic logic is now a very major area of philosop- cal logic, alongside default logics, labelled deductive systems, ?bring l- ics, multi-dimensional, multimodal and substructural logics. Intensive - examinations of fragments of classical logic have produced fresh insights, including at time decision procedures and equivalence with non-classical systems. Perhaps the most impressive achievement of philosophical logic as arising inthepastdecadehasbeenthee?ectivenegotiationofresearchpartnerships with fallacy theory, informal logic and argumentation theory, attested to by the Amsterdam Conference in Logic and Argumentation in 1995, and the two Bonn Conferences in Practical Reasoning in 1996 and 1997. These subjects are becoming more and more useful in agent theory and intelligent and reactive databases. Finally, ?fteen years after the start of the Handbook project, I would like to take this opportunity to put forward my current views about logic in computer science, computational linguistics and arti?cial intelligence. In the early 1980s the perception of the role of logic in computer science was that of a speci?cation and reasoning tool and that of a basis for possibly neat computer languages. The computer scientist was manipulating data structures and the use of logic was one of his options.

Artificial intelligence. --- Linguistics. --- Logic. --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- Logic --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Mathematics. --- Language and languages --- Philosophy and science. --- Computer logic. --- Mathematical logic. --- Mathematics, general. --- Philosophy of Language. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Logics and Meanings of Programs. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Methodology

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Agents act on the basis of their beliefs and these beliefs change as they interact with other agents. In this book the authors propose and explain general logical tools for handling change. These tools include preferential reasoning, theory revision, and reasoning in inheritance systems, and the authors use these tools to examine nonmonotonic logic, deontic logic, counterfactuals, modal logic, intuitionistic logic, and temporal logic. This book will be of benefit to researchers engaged with artificial intelligence, and in particular agents, multiagent systems and nonmonotonic logic.

Intelligent agents (Computer software). --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Programming languages (Electronic computers). --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Information Technology --- Artificial Intelligence --- Intelligent agents (Computer software) --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Agents, Autonomous (Computer software) --- Agents, Cognitive (Computer software) --- Agents, Intelligent (Computer software) --- Assistants, Cognitive (Computer software) --- Assistants, Intelligent software --- Autonomous agents (Computer software) --- Cognitive agents (Computer software) --- Cognitive assistants (Computer software) --- IAs (Computer software) --- Intelligent agent software --- Intelligent software agents --- Intelligent software assistants --- Software agents (Computer software) --- Special agents (Computer software) --- Computer science. --- Logic. --- Computers. --- Mathematical logic. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Mathematics. --- Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Mathematics, general. --- Theory of Computation. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Artificial intelligence --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Reasoning --- Computer programs --- Information theory. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Thought and thinking --- Informatics --- Communication theory --- Communication --- Cybernetics --- Math --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Methodology --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Calculators --- Cyberspace

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This second edition of the Handbook of Philosophical Logic reflects great changes in the landscape of philosophical logic since the first edition. It gives readers an idea of that landscape and its relation to computer science and formal language and artificial intelligence. It shows how the increased demand for philosophical logic from computer science and artificial intelligence and computational linguistics accelerated the development of the subject directly and indirectly. This development in turn, directly pushed research forward, stimulated by the needs of applications. New logic areas becameestablished and old areas were enriched and expanded. At the same time, it socially provided employment for generations of logicians residing in computer science, linguistics and electrical engineering departments which of course helped keep the logic community to thrive. The many contributors to this Handbook are active in these application areas and are among the most famous leading figures of applied philosophical logic of our times.

Computer science. --- Computer vision. --- Logic. --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Machine vision --- Vision, Computer --- Informatics --- Philosophy. --- Linguistics. --- Linguistics, general. --- Philosophy, general. --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Methodology --- Artificial intelligence --- Image processing --- Pattern recognition systems --- Philosophy (General). --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Language and languages