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Water scarcity is increasingly becoming a threat to water security in different countries or areas of East Asia, driven by water over-withdrawal and pollution, and aggravated by climate change and variability. The 'Green Water Defense in East Asia' study, as part of the driver for green growth in the water sector of East Asia region, seeks to find a sustainable solution to this challenge. The concept of Green Water Defense (GWD) is developed building on such principles as 'live and build with nature', 'green adaptation', 'produce more with less' and 'low impact development', etc. It is defined

Global water scarcity. --- Integrated water development. --- Water resources management. --- Water resources development --- Water-supply --- Business & Economics --- Agricultural Economics --- Management --- Availability, Water --- Water availability --- Water resources --- Natural resources --- Public utilities --- Water utilities --- Energy development

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This paper assesses the impact of water supply variability on treaty cooperation between international bilateral river basin riparian states. Climate change is anticipated to change the variability of water supply, as well as its expected magnitude. Previous studies have focused mainly on water scarcity, measured in terms of mean precipitation or per capita water availability in the country, as a trigger for conflict or cooperation. The water variability measure used here captures both annual runoff variability and precipitation variability over periods of 30 and 100 years. The analysis used economic and international relations data to identify incentives for international cooperation in addressing water supply variability. The authors find that small-to-moderate increases in variability create an impetus for cooperation, although large increases in variability would reduce incentives for treaty cooperation. Stronger diplomatic and trade relations support cooperation, while uneven economic power inhibits cooperation. Various measures of democracy/governance suggest different impacts on cooperation across the basin riparians. The findings have policy implications in the context of preparedness for impacts of climate change on the water sector.

Allocation agreements --- Arid areas --- Climate change --- Climatic conditions --- Common Property Resource Development --- Drought Management --- Flow Regimes --- Hydrologic cycle --- Hydrological cycle --- Quality of water --- Riparian countries --- Riparian States --- River Basin --- River basins --- Rivers --- Rural Development --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water allocation --- Water and Industry --- Water availability --- Water resource --- Water Resources --- Water scarcity --- Water sector --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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This Special Issue opens a new field of research in certain emerging innovative instruments, because it provides an in-depth revision of the main aspects of institutions and instruments available for the management and governance of droughts and water scarcity. The key aspects that institutions may tackle not only include the increasing water scarcity in many regions around the world but also the increasing frequency and impact of droughts on economic and natural systems. Some of the included papers analyze critical issues, such as the state and future trends of water markets; the estimation of transaction costs when dealing with drought management; and the use of new instruments, such as insurance and water-rights entitlements, which include water security, water-pricing effects on the whole basin level, and intra- and inter-sectorial re-allocation. The important issues regarding non-conventional water supply and the governance of the new resources also feature as the focus of some of the contributions.

Technology: general issues --- Baiyangdian Lake --- Landsat --- complex water extraction --- SMDPSO --- dynamic changes --- drought risk --- water supply risk --- irrigation insurance --- water use --- Spain --- drought --- water markets --- Western US --- hydro-economic modelling --- water policy --- climate change --- river basin management --- water scarcity --- water supply --- risk reduction --- risk curves --- cost-benefit analysis --- water management --- water rights --- water supply reliability --- irrigation agriculture --- allocation rules --- priority rights --- Po River Basin --- institutional economics --- climate change adaptation --- cost of adaptation --- water pricing --- water-use efficiency --- economic model --- inter-sectoral --- river basin --- good water practices --- tourist accommodation --- tourist --- Mediterranean --- water reuse --- reclaimed water --- SWOT analysis --- cluster analysis --- n/a

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This book brings together recent research related to urban resilience, in particular, taking into account climate change impacts and hydrological hazards. Due to the complexity of our cities, which are vulnerable and continuously evolving systems, urban resilience should be considered as a transversal and multi-sectorial issue, affecting different urban services, several hazards, and all the steps of the risk management cycle. Within this context, the different pieces of research that form this book deal with the topics of multi-risk and urban resilience assessment, analysis of cascading effects, and the proposal and prioritization of adaptation measures and strategies to cope with climate-related hazards through multi-criteria analysis.

Research & information: general --- RESCCUE project --- Electrical distribution network --- Flooding --- Risk Assessment --- city resiliency --- GIS model --- drought --- water scarcity --- water availability --- climate change --- hydrological modeling --- resilience --- flooding --- hazard mapping --- risk identification --- sustainability --- urban resilience --- traffic modelling --- resilience assessment --- urban services --- cities --- Ecosystem Services (ES) --- Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) --- Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) --- stakeholders’ validation --- stormwater management and control --- depth‒damage curves --- urban floods --- properties --- claims --- flood expert surveyor --- fluvial --- pluvial --- tidal --- sewer --- flood --- risk --- modelling --- cascading effects --- urban flood --- water quality --- cost-benefit analysis --- combined sewer overflows --- climate change adaptation --- climate risk --- socio-economic assessment --- flood risk assessment --- 1D/2D hydrodynamic model --- Metro system --- subway --- urban mobility --- pluvial floods --- 1D/2D coupled models --- impact assessment --- adaptation strategies --- n/a --- stakeholders' validation

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Based on the suggestions made by the speakers of Plenary Session IV “Challenges to the management of water resources and to countering desertification in the Mediterranean region” during the 15th Economic and Environmental Forum, the OCEEA proposed to organize a workshop on “Water Scarcity, Land Degradation and Desertification in the Mediterranean region – Environment and Security Aspects”. In order to build on common synergies, OSCE sought co-operation with c- leagues from NATO, in particular from the Science for Peace and Security Programme. NATO has a longstanding expertise on the issue and had organised in Valencia, in December 2003, a NATO scientific workshop on “Desertification and Security in the Mediterranean Region”. The objective of the new proposed wo- shop would be to broaden its focus from the scientific community to include also policy makers. 1 The workshop, aimed at government of cials from the Mediterranean Region, gathered representatives of Water management, Land degradation and Desert- cation Departments of Ministries of Environment and representatives from the Ministries of Foreign Affairs. In addition, policy makers, scientists and experts were also invited. The aim was to discuss how the OSCE, NATO and other competent organizations like the UNCCD, UNEP, MAP, and the EU could play a role in ensuring that environment and security linkages in terms of water scarcity, land degradation and desertification are addressed in the Mediterranean Region.

Climatic changes -- Risk assessment -- Mediterranean Region -- Congresses. --- Desertification -- Mediterranean Region -- Congresses. --- Environmental policy -- Mediterranean Region -- Congresses. --- Environmental protection -- Mediterranean Region -- Congresses. --- Land degradation -- Environmental aspects -- Mediterranean Region -- Congresses. --- Nature -- Effect of human beings on -- Congresses. --- Water-supply -- Mediterranean Region -- Congresses. --- Climatic changes --- Nature --- Environmental protection --- Environmental policy --- Water-supply --- Land degradation --- Desertification --- Environmental Sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Risk assessment --- Effect of human beings on --- Environmental aspects --- Land use --- Sustainable development --- Land --- Land utilization --- Use of land --- Utilization of land --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable economic development --- Availability, Water --- Water availability --- Water resources --- Environment. --- Hydrology. --- Natural disasters. --- Sustainable development. --- Water pollution. --- Development economics. --- Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution. --- Sustainable Development. --- Development Economics. --- Environment, general. --- Hydrology/Water Resources. --- Natural Hazards. --- Economic development --- Economics --- Land cover --- Landscape assessment --- NIMBY syndrome --- Natural resources --- Public utilities --- Water resources development --- Water utilities --- Environmental pollution. --- Environmental sciences. --- Geology. --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Environmental science --- Science --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Natural calamities --- Disasters --- Aquatic sciences --- Hydrography --- Water --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. --- Pollution. --- Water scarcity --- Mediterranean region