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Who benefits from public spending? Who bears the burden of taxation? How desirable is the distribution of net benefits from the operation of a tax-benefit system? This paper surveys basic concepts, methods, and modeling approaches commonly used to address these issues in the context of fiscal incidence analysis. The review covers the incidence of both taxation and public spending. Methodological points are supported by country cases. The effective distribution of benefits and burdens associated with fiscal policy depends on the size of the government, the distributive mechanisms involved, and the incentives properties of the policy under consideration. This creates a need for analytical methods to account for both individual behavior and social interaction. The approaches reviewed include simple reduced form regression analysis, microsimulation models (both the envelope and discrete choice models), computable general equilibrium modeling, and approaches that link computable general equilibrium models to microsimulation models. Explicit modeling facilitates the construction of counterfactuals to back up causal analysis. Social desirability is assessed on the basis of progressivity along with deadweight loss.

Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Personal income tax --- Private Sector Development --- Progressive tax --- Public Sector Economics and Finance --- Tax --- Tax incidence --- Tax liability --- Tax policy --- Tax Shifting --- Tax system --- Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies --- Taxpayers

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Income inequality in Latin America ranks among the highest in the world. It can be traced back to the unequal distribution of assets (especially land and education) in the region. But the extent to which asset inequality translates into income inequality depends on the redistributive capacity of the state. This paper documents the performance of Latin American fiscal systems from the perspective of income redistribution using newly-available information on the incidence of taxes and transfers across the region. The findings indicate that: (i) the differences in income inequality before taxes and transfers between Latin America and Western Europe are much more modest than those after taxes and transfers; (ii) the key reason is that, in contrast with industrial countries, in most Latin American countries the fiscal system is of little help in reducing income inequality; and (iii) in countries where fiscal redistribution is significant, it is achieved mostly through transfers rather than taxes. These facts stress the need for fiscal reforms across the region to further the goal of social equity. However, different countries need to place different relative emphasis on raising tax collection, restructuring the tax system, and improving the targeting of expenditures.

Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Effective tax rates --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Indirect taxation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Tax --- Tax collection --- Tax incidence --- Tax rate --- Tax rates --- Tax revenue --- Tax revenues --- Tax system --- Taxation and Subsidies

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An effective tax system is fundamental for successful country development. The first step to understand public revenue systems is to establish some commonly agreed performance measurements and benchmarks. This paper employs a cross-country study to estimate tax capacity from a sample of 104 countries during 1994-2003. The estimation results are then used as benchmarks to compare taxable capacity and tax effort in different countries. Taxable capacity refers to the predicted tax-gross domestic product ratio that can be estimated with the regression, taking into account a country's specific economic, demographic, and institutional features. Tax effort is defined as an index of the ratio between the share of the actual tax collection in gross domestic product and the predicted taxable capacity. The authors classify countries into four distinct groups by their level of actual tax collection and attained tax effort. This classification is based on the benchmark of the global average of tax collection and a tax effort index of 1 (when tax collection is exactly the same as the estimated taxable capacity). The analysis provides guidance for countries with various levels of tax collection and tax effort.

Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics and Finance --- Tax --- Tax administration --- Tax base --- Tax collection --- Tax expenditures --- Tax Policy --- Tax reforms --- Tax revenues --- Tax system --- Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies

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Pour le titulaire d’une profession libérale, le commerçant, l’artisan, l’agriculteur ou l’industriel, la transmission de son patrimoine professionnel revêt une importance toute particulière.Aux plans civil et commercial, les modalités de la cession – à titre onéreux ou gratuit – du patrimoine professionnel doivent être soigneusement organisées, tant pour favoriser sa transmission harmonieuse que pour assurer la protection du cédant. L’impact fiscal du mode de cession retenu (droits d’enregistrement, droits de succession, impôts des personnes physiques, impôts des sociétés ou TVA) doit aussi être analysé.Pour atteindre ces objectifs, le titulaire de la profession devra, au préalable, organiser judicieusement toute la structure de la négociation, en vue de la cession. Il est donc essentiel qu’il en ait une vision globale.L’objectif du présent ouvrage est de passer en revue les différents types de cession du patrimoine professionnel et leurs multiples incidences fiscales. Il analyse également le statut de ce patrimoine au regard du droit des régimes matrimoniaux et de la loi successorale civile, car ceux-ci peuvent révéler quelques pièges.Tous les thèmes abordés ont été confiés à des spécialistes de ces matières, qui les analysent sous un angle pratique, afin d’identifier les diverses problématiques et de proposer des solutions susceptibles de les rencontrer. Cet ouvrage s’adresse dès lors à tous ceux – avocats, notaires ou autres conseillers – dont le métier consiste à assister le cédant à l’occasion de la transmission de son patrimoine professionnel

BPB9999 --- patrimoine --- patrimoine de l'entreprise --- cession --- fiscalite --- patrimonium --- bedrijfsvermogen --- overname --- fiscaliteit --- BPB1801 --- Patrimoine --- Fiscalité --- Cession --- Vermogen --- Fiscaliteit --- Overdracht --- Estate sales --- Transfert (droit) --- Estate planning --- Inheritance and succession --- Inheritance and transfer tax --- Registration tax --- Gifts --- Family-owned business enterprises --- Husband and wife --- Planification successorale --- Successions et héritages --- Droits d'enregistrement --- Donations --- Entreprises familiales --- Régimes matrimoniaux --- Law and legislation --- Registration and transfer --- Taxation --- Vente --- Impôts --- Transmission --- Company law. Associations --- Belgium --- Professions --- Gestion --- Droit --- Impôts --- Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- E-books --- davčni sistem --- fiscalidade --- skattesystem --- adórendszer --- porezni sustav --- φορολογία --- skatteforhold --- verojärjestelmä --- nodokļu sistēma --- данъчна система --- maksusüsteem --- sistem tatimor --- cáinchóras --- fiscalidad --- fiscalità --- fiscalitate --- system podatkowy --- порески систем --- Steuerwesen --- daňový systém --- tax system --- даночен систем --- daňová sústava --- mokesčių sistema --- sistema ta' tassazzjoni --- regime fiscale --- verotus --- maksustamine --- beskattning --- taxatie --- onere fiscale --- tassazione --- skatteuttag --- фискален режим --- фискална давачка --- Steuerlast --- système fiscal --- taxation --- tassazzjoni --- dichiarazione fiscale --- tributação --- фискален систем --- adóztatás --- regime fiscal --- régimen fiscal --- régimen tributario --- φορολόγηση --- imposizione --- adószabályozás --- apmokestinimas --- φορολογικά βάρη --- sistema tributario --- фискален третман --- daňová soustava --- Besteuerung --- imposición --- adóteher --- tributación --- belastingheffing --- Steuerbelastung --- trattamento fiscale --- charge fiscale --- zdanění --- fiscaal systeem --- oporezivanje --- imposition --- fiscale last --- skattetryck --- fiscaal regime --- prelievo fiscale --- skattebörda --- Steuerregelung --- pressione fiscale --- skattebyrde --- skattebehandling --- cánachas --- steuerliche Behandlung --- sistema fiscal --- fiskální soustava --- régime fiscal --- drenaggio fiscale --- taxering --- imposição fiscal --- sistema fiscale --- φορολογικό σύστημα --- skatter og afgifter --- carga fiscal --- skatteordning --- beskatning --- Fiscalité --- Belgique

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La problématique de la rémunération occupe une place centrale dans les relations entre employeur et travailleur. Aujourd'hui, les entreprises ne se limitent plus au paiement du salaire de base et proposent généralement un "package" composé d'une série d'avantages extralégaux. Sous la pression fiscale et parafiscale particulièrement élevée, l'employeur tente ainsi d'échapper à l'obligation de cotisation et d'imposition sur les rémunérations et indemnités par toutes les voies (légales) possibles. L'imagination est au pouvoir dans ce domaine ; elle fait naître de nombreuses formes alternatives de rémunération. De la sacro-sainte voiture de société au récent système de bonus, ces avantages contribuent en outre à fidéliser le travailleur qui en bénéficie. La question qui se pose est de déterminer si tel ou tel avantage alternatif constitue ou non de la rémunération imposable et/ou passible des cotisations de la sécurité sociale. Cet ouvrage brosse de façon très concrète un panorama des avantages les plus fréquents. Pour chaque avantage, le régime social et fiscal est abordé tant pour le travailleur que pour l'employeur. Quand cela est nécessaire, les aspects de droit du travail sont également analysés.Cette édition 2020 est enrichie par de nombreuses nouveautés :- Allocations familiales extralégales et plan cafétéria : combinaison désormais possible ;- Plans warrants : les plans d'options sans intermédiaire et les pièges à éviter ;- Scission du chapitre sur les transports : la voiture de société, ses alternatives (moto, vélo, budget mobilité), les déplacements domicile-lieu de travail et le transport collectif ;- Les précisions apportées au budget mobilité ;- Les changements pour les véhicules "faux hybrides" ;- Des précisions et interprétations dans la majorité des chapitres ;- L'actualisation de tous les montants

avantages de toute nature --- politique des salaires --- fiscalité --- davčni sistem --- fiscalidade --- skattesystem --- adórendszer --- porezni sustav --- φορολογία --- skatteforhold --- verojärjestelmä --- nodokļu sistēma --- данъчна система --- maksusüsteem --- sistem tatimor --- cáinchóras --- fiscalidad --- fiscalità --- fiscalitate --- system podatkowy --- порески систем --- Steuerwesen --- fiscaliteit --- daňový systém --- tax system --- даночен систем --- daňová sústava --- mokesčių sistema --- sistema ta' tassazzjoni --- regime fiscale --- verotus --- maksustamine --- beskattning --- taxatie --- onere fiscale --- tassazione --- skatteuttag --- фискален режим --- фискална давачка --- Steuerlast --- système fiscal --- taxation --- tassazzjoni --- dichiarazione fiscale --- tributação --- фискален систем --- adóztatás --- regime fiscal --- régimen fiscal --- régimen tributario --- φορολόγηση --- imposizione --- adószabályozás --- apmokestinimas --- φορολογικά βάρη --- sistema tributario --- фискален третман --- daňová soustava --- Besteuerung --- imposición --- adóteher --- tributación --- belastingheffing --- Steuerbelastung --- trattamento fiscale --- charge fiscale --- zdanění --- fiscaal systeem --- oporezivanje --- imposition --- fiscale last --- skattetryck --- fiscaal regime --- prelievo fiscale --- skattebörda --- Steuerregelung --- pressione fiscale --- skattebyrde --- skattebehandling --- cánachas --- steuerliche Behandlung --- sistema fiscal --- fiskální soustava --- régime fiscal --- drenaggio fiscale --- taxering --- imposição fiscal --- sistema fiscale --- φορολογικό σύστημα --- skatter og afgifter --- carga fiscal --- skatteordning --- beskatning --- politika e pagës --- Lohnpolitik --- политика на възнагражденията --- lønpolitik --- pay policy --- политика на плати --- bérpolitika --- μισθολογική πολιτική --- lönepolitik --- política salarial --- polityka płac --- plačna politika --- palgapoliitika --- loonbeleid --- mzdová politika --- politika plaća --- atalgojuma politika --- palkkapolitiikka --- apmokėjimo politika --- politica salariale --- politică salarială --- политика плата --- politika dwar il-paga --- политика на плата --- Gehaltspolitik --- politique salariale --- voordelen van alle aard --- Salaires --- Avantages accessoires --- Crèches d'entreprises --- Participation aux résultats de l'entreprise --- Wages --- Wages-in-kind --- Profit-sharing --- Employee fringe benefits --- Taxation --- Salaires en nature --- Participation aux bénéfices --- Avantages sociaux --- Droit fiscal --- Law and legislation --- Droit --- Social security --- Sécurité sociale --- E-books --- beartas pá --- fiscalité --- Belgique