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Differential geometry. Global analysis --- Singularities (Mathematics) --- Curves. --- Singularités (Mathématiques) --- Courbes --- Curves --- Surface --- Surface area --- 512.7 --- Algebraic geometry. Commutative rings and algebras --- Singularities (Mathematics). --- 512.7 Algebraic geometry. Commutative rings and algebras --- Singularités (Mathématiques) --- Geometry, Algebraic --- Calculus --- Conic sections --- Geometry, Analytic --- Geometry, Differential --- Geometry, Enumerative --- Mathematics --- Shapes --- Géométrie --- Singularite --- Lemme de morse

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The successful commercialization of advanced energy devices, including fuel cells and solar cells (e.g., dye-sensitized solar cells) is somewhat dependent on the cost, activity and durability of the electrocatalysts. Nowadays, precious metal electrodes are the most widely used. Accordingly, the manufacturing costs are relatively high, which constrains wide application. Recently, some reports have introduced some promising non-precious electrocatalysts to be exploited in both oxidation and reduction reactions. It was concluded that immobilization of the functional material on a proper support can distinctly improve catalytic activity. Moreover, due to the synergetic effect, metallic alloy nanoparticles show very good electrocatalytic activity in this regard. This Special Issue aims to cover the most recent progress and the advances in the field of the immobilized non-precious electrocatalysts. This includes, but is not limited to, non-precious electrocatalysts for alcohol (methanol, ethanol, etc.) oxidation, oxygen reduction reaction and electrolyte reduction in dye-sensitized solar cells.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- electrocatalysts --- bifunctional catalyst --- graphene --- dopants --- oxygen reduction reaction --- glassy carbon electrode --- metalloporphyrins --- Green Hydrogen --- SO2 electrolysis --- Westinghouse cycle --- carbon shell --- metallosupramolecular polymer --- hollow particles --- doping --- ethanol oxidation reaction --- palladium --- hollow carbon sphere --- alkaline medium --- dye sensitized solar cell --- SnO2-decorated graphene oxide --- counter electrode --- solar energy --- N, O-codoping --- polydopamine --- oxygen reduction --- oxygen evolution --- bifunctional --- electroactive surface area --- electrospinning --- Sn-incorporated Ni/C nanofibers --- Methanol --- Urea --- Cu3.8Ni-nanoalloy --- carbon nanofibers (NFs) --- urea oxidation --- fuel cells --- bilirubin oxidase --- direct electron transfer --- mediated electron transfer --- osmium polymer --- n/a

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History of engineering & technology --- sidewall quenching --- LES --- premixed methane --- flame–wall interaction --- FGM --- Lewis number --- flame curvature --- iso-scalar non-material surfaces --- turbulent premixed spherical flame --- reaction waves --- turbulent reacting flows --- turbulent consumption velocity --- bending effect --- reaction surface area --- molecular transport --- direct numerical simulations --- turbulent flame --- premixed turbulent combustion --- countergradient transport --- flame surface density --- scalar dissipation rate --- modeling --- large eddy simulation --- confined --- boundary layer flashback --- turbulent combustion --- hydrogen --- autoignition modelling --- reduced chemical kinetics --- gasoline surrogates --- engine knock --- spray combustion --- evaporative cooling --- flame surface wrinkling modeling --- thickened flame --- flamelet generated manifold --- n/a --- flame-wall interaction

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This book, “Clay Mineral Transformations after Bentonite/Clayrocks and Heater/Water Interactions from Lab and Large-Scale Tests”, covers a broad range of relevant and interesting topics related to deep geological disposal of nuclear fuels and radioactive waste. Most countries that generate nuclear power have developed radioactive waste management programmes during the last 50 years to emplace long-lived and/or high-level radioactive wastes in a deep underground repository in a suitably chosen host rock formation. The aim is to remove these wastes from the human environment. If a site is properly chosen, a repository system comprising both natural and engineered barriers would provide a high level of protection from the toxic effects of the waste.The 17 papers published in this Special Issue show that bentonites and clayrocks are an essential component of the multi-barrier system ensuring the long-term safety of the final disposal of nuclear waste. The efficiency of such engineered and natural clay barriers relies on their physical and chemical confinement properties, which should be preserved in the long-term.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- calcium bentonite --- gel --- swelling --- water uptake --- ESEM --- EDXA --- surface area --- XRD --- radioactive waste disposal --- cement–clay interaction --- bentonite --- cementitious materials --- alteration --- alkaline conditions --- radioactive waste --- cement-clay interaction --- OPC --- LAC --- alkaline leachate --- cement—clay interaction --- diffusion --- dual porosity --- electrostatic effects --- reactive transport modelling --- near field --- radioactive waste repository --- low-pH cement --- technical barrier --- Äspö --- ABM-test --- smectite alteration --- swelling pressure --- permeability --- hydraulic gradient --- engineered barriers --- geological repository --- selenium reduction --- sorption --- Opalinus Clay --- in situ --- batch tests --- smectite --- crystal structure --- water in the smectite interlayer --- mineralogical changes --- thermal treatment --- BET --- swell index --- liquid limit --- water retention curves --- iron --- in situ experiment --- interface --- layer charge --- metal substitution --- SEM–EDS --- microbial diversity --- organic supplements --- magnesium bentonite --- thermal loading --- montmorillonite content --- thermal analysis with evolved gas analysis --- cation exchange capacity --- specific surface area --- saturated hydraulic conductivity --- microbial survivability --- HLRW --- ABM test --- SEM-EDX --- repository --- high temperatures --- ordinary Portland cement --- mudstone --- sequential flow experiment --- reactive-transport modelling --- anion distribution --- CEC --- exchangeable cations --- hydration --- MiniSandwich --- sandwich sealing system --- solute transport --- waste repositories --- water content --- Milos --- interlayers --- iron–bentonite interaction --- reactive transport --- numerical model --- bentonites --- smectites --- pore water chemistry --- mineralogy --- cation exchange --- ABM experiment --- large-scale tests --- n/a --- Äspö --- SEM-EDS --- iron-bentonite interaction

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The aim of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is to reduce the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere and to mitigate its effects on climate change. Over the years, naturally occurring CO2 sources have been utilized in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects in the United States. This has presented an opportunity to supplement and gradually replace the high demand for natural CO2 sources with anthropogenic sources. There also exist incentives for operators to become involved in the storage of anthropogenic CO2 within partially depleted reservoirs, in addition to the incremental production oil revenues. These incentives include a wider availability of anthropogenic sources, the reduction of emissions to meet regulatory requirements, tax incentives in some jurisdictions, and favorable public relations. The United States Department of Energy has sponsored several Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) through its Carbon Storage program which have conducted field demonstrations for both EOR and saline aquifer storage. Various research efforts have been made in the area of reservoir characterization, monitoring, verification and accounting, simulation, and risk assessment to ascertain long-term storage potential within the subject storage complex. This book is a collection of lessons learned through the RCSP program within the Southwest Region of the United States. The scope of the book includes site characterization, storage modeling, monitoring verification reporting (MRV), risk assessment and international case studies.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- geologic CO2 sequestration --- CO2 and brine leakage --- underground source of drinking water --- risk assessment --- response surface methodology --- early detection criteria --- multi-objective optimization --- CO2-WAG --- machine learning --- numerical modeling --- hybrid workflows --- morrow --- Farnsworth --- Anadarko --- incised valley --- geological carbon sequestration --- reactive surface area --- mineral trapping --- enhanced oil recovery with CO2 (CO2-EOR) --- geochemical reactions --- workflow --- workshop --- process influence diagram --- response surface model --- polynomial chaos expansion --- NRAP --- relative permeability --- geologic carbon storage --- multi-phase flow simulation --- life cycle analysis --- CO2-enhanced oil recovery --- anthropogenic CO2 --- global warming potential --- greenhouse gas (GHG) --- carbon storage --- CO2-EOR --- CO2 sequestration --- geomechanics --- reservoir fluid flow modelling --- tightness of caprock --- CO2 leakage --- threshold pressure --- reactive solute transport --- multi-phase fluid flow --- Farnsworth Unit --- STOMP --- GEM --- TOUGHREACT --- 4D --- time lapse --- CO2 --- EOR --- WAG --- sequestration --- monitoring --- carbon sequestration --- caprock integrity --- noble gas migration --- seal by-pass --- carbon dioxide storage --- storage efficiency factor --- probabilistic --- expectation curve --- Monte Carlo --- Farnsworth Field --- petroleum system modeling --- CO2 migration --- n/a