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"One of the recurring themes in the sustainability literature has been the legitimacy of using an economic framework to account for natural resources. This paper examines the potential for substituting between different inputs in the generation of income, where the inputs include natural resources such as land and energy resources. A nested constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function is used to allow flexibility in the estimated elasticities of substitution. Also, with this specification, natural resources and other inputs are combined in different levels of the function, thus allowing for different levels of substitutability. Institutional and economic indicators are also incorporated in the production function estimated. Results show that the elasticities derived from functions involving land resources were generally around one or greater, implying a fairly high degree of substitutability. Furthermore, changes in trade openness and private sector investment have a statistically significant and direct relationship with income generation. No statistically significant relationship between income and any of the institutional indicators was found. "--World Bank web site.

Natural resources. --- Substitute products. --- Substitution (Economics)

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"Historically, regulations governing chemical use have often focused on widely used chemicals and acute human health effects of exposure to them, as well as their potential to cause cancer and other adverse health effects. As scientific knowledge has expanded there has been an increased awareness of the mechanisms through which chemicals may exert harmful effects on human health, as well as their effects on other species and ecosystems. Identification of high-priority chemicals and other chemicals of concern has prompted a growing number of state and local governments, as well as major companies, to take steps beyond existing hazardous chemical federal legislation. Interest in approaches and policies that ensure that any new substances substituted for chemicals of concern are assessed as carefully and thoroughly as possible has also burgeoned. The overarching goal of these approaches is to avoid regrettable substitutions, which occur when a toxic chemical is replaced by another chemical that later proved unsuitable because of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, or other concerns. Chemical alternative assessments are tools designed to facilitate consideration of these factors to assist stakeholders in identifying chemicals that may have the greatest likelihood of harm to human and ecological health, and to provide guidance on how the industry may develop and adopt safer alternatives. A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives develops and demonstrates a decision framework for evaluating potentially safer substitute chemicals as primarily determined by human health and ecological risks. This new framework is informed by previous efforts by regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and others to develop alternative assessment frameworks that could be operationalized. In addition to hazard assessments, the framework incorporates steps for life-cycle thinking - which considers possible impacts of a chemical at all stages including production, use, and disposal - as well as steps for performance and economic assessments. The report also highlights how modern information sources such as computational modeling can supplement traditional toxicology data in the assessment process. This new framework allows the evaluation of the full range of benefits and shortcomings of substitutes, and examination of tradeoffs between these risks and factors such as product functionality, product efficacy, process safety, and resource use. Through case studies, this report demonstrates how different users in contrasting decision contexts with diverse priorities can apply the framework. This report will be an essential resource to the chemical industry, environmentalists, ecologists, and state and local governments."--Publisher's description.

Substitute products -- Industrial applications. --- Chemicals --- Chemical industry --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Technology - General --- Chemical Engineering --- Safety measures --- Substitute products --- Industrial applications.

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Hematology --- Blood --- Blood. --- Blood Banks. --- Blood Substitutes. --- Blood Transfusion. --- Hematologic Diseases. --- Hematology. --- Haematology --- Hematological Diseases --- Blood Diseases --- Blood Disease --- Disease, Blood --- Disease, Hematologic --- Disease, Hematological --- Diseases, Blood --- Diseases, Hematologic --- Diseases, Hematological --- Hematologic Disease --- Hematological Disease --- Blood Transfusions --- Transfusion, Blood --- Transfusions, Blood --- Artificial Blood --- Artificial Erythrocytes --- Artificial Hemoglobin --- Blood, Artificial --- Erythrocyte Substitutes --- Hemoglobin Substitutes --- Red Cell Substitutes --- Artificial Bloods --- Artificial Erythrocyte --- Artificial Hemoglobins --- Blood Substitute --- Bloods, Artificial --- Cell Substitute, Red --- Cell Substitutes, Red --- Erythrocyte Substitute --- Erythrocyte, Artificial --- Erythrocytes, Artificial --- Hemoglobin Substitute --- Hemoglobin, Artificial --- Hemoglobins, Artificial --- Red Cell Substitute --- Substitute, Blood --- Substitute, Erythrocyte --- Substitute, Hemoglobin --- Substitute, Red Cell --- Substitutes, Blood --- Substitutes, Erythrocyte --- Substitutes, Hemoglobin --- Substitutes, Red Cell --- Blood Banking --- Bank, Blood --- Banking, Blood --- Bankings, Blood --- Banks, Blood --- Blood Bank --- Blood Bankings --- Water --- blood --- Blood Banks --- Blood Substitutes --- Blood Transfusion --- Hematologic Diseases --- Internal medicine --- Body fluids --- Fear of blood --- Fluorocarbons --- Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures --- Artificial Cells --- Diseases --- Blood Donation

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Substitute physicians --- Physicians --- Substitute physicians. --- Locum tenens (Medicine) --- Medicine --- Allopathic doctors --- Doctors --- Doctors of medicine --- MDs (Physicians) --- Medical doctors --- Medical profession --- Medical personnel --- Supply and demand --- Supply and demand. --- Practice

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This volume of the Keio University International Symposia for Life Sciences and Medicine contains the proceedings of the 13th symposium held under the sponsorship of the Keio University Medical Science Fund. The fund was est- lished by the generous donation of the late Dr. Mitsunada Sakaguchi. The Keio University International Symposia for Life Sciences and Medicine constitute one of the core activities sponsored by the fund,of which the objective is to contribute to the international community by developing human resources, promoting scienti?c knowledge, and encouraging mutual exchange. Each year, the Committee of the International Symposia for Life Sciences and Medicine selects the most signi?cant symposium topics from applications received from the Keio medical community. The publication of the proce- ings is intended to publicize and distribute the information arising from the lively discussions of the most exciting and current issues presented during the symposium. On behalf of the Committee, I am most grateful to the late Dr. Sakaguchi, who made the series of symposia possible. We are also grateful to the prominent speakers for their contribution to this volume. In addition, we would like to acknowledge the ef?cient organizational work performed by the members of the program committee and the staff of the fund. Naoki Aikawa, M. D. , D. M. Sc. , F. A. C. S.

Blood substitutes --- Blood Substitutes --- Oxygen Consumption --- Oxygen --- Consumption, Oxygen --- Consumptions, Oxygen --- Oxygen Consumptions --- Respiration --- Cell Respiration --- Artificial Blood --- Artificial Erythrocytes --- Artificial Hemoglobin --- Blood, Artificial --- Erythrocyte Substitutes --- Hemoglobin Substitutes --- Red Cell Substitutes --- Artificial Bloods --- Artificial Erythrocyte --- Artificial Hemoglobins --- Blood Substitute --- Bloods, Artificial --- Cell Substitute, Red --- Cell Substitutes, Red --- Erythrocyte Substitute --- Erythrocyte, Artificial --- Erythrocytes, Artificial --- Hemoglobin Substitute --- Hemoglobin, Artificial --- Hemoglobins, Artificial --- Red Cell Substitute --- Substitute, Blood --- Substitute, Erythrocyte --- Substitute, Hemoglobin --- Substitute, Red Cell --- Substitutes, Blood --- Substitutes, Erythrocyte --- Substitutes, Hemoglobin --- Substitutes, Red Cell --- Fluorocarbons --- Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures --- Artificial Cells --- Artificial blood --- Erythrocyte substitutes --- Hemoglobin substitutes --- Oxygen-transport fluids (Hematology) --- Red cell substitutes --- Synthetic blood --- Blood products --- Hematologic agents --- Transfusion-free surgery --- metabolism --- Bloed. --- Hemoglobins --- Oxigênio (fisiologia). --- Sistema respiratório (congressos). --- Vervangingen. --- Zuurstofopname. --- Chemistry --- Metabolism --- Therapeutic use --- Blood --- Physiological transport. --- Transfusion. --- Hematology. --- Blood transfusion. --- Blood Transfusion Medicine. --- Haematology --- Internal medicine --- Blood transfusion --- Blood transfusion therapy --- Hemotherapy --- Transfusion medicine --- Transfusion of blood --- Transfusion therapy --- Transfusion therapy, Blood --- Surgery --- Blood banks --- Blood groups --- Hospitals --- Diseases --- Transfusion committees --- Sang --- Oxygene dans l'organisme --- Substituts --- Congres