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Ethylene is a simple gaseous phytohormone with multiple roles in regulation of metabolism at cellular, molecular, and whole plant level. It influences performance of plants under optimal and stressful environments by interacting with other signaling molecules. Understanding the ethylene biosynthesis and action through the plant’s life can contribute to improve the knowledge of plant functionality and use of this plant hormone may drive adaptation and defense of plants from the adverse environmental conditions. The action of ethylene depends on its concentration in cell and the sensitivity of plants to the hormone. In recent years, research on ethylene has been focused, due to its dual action, on the regulation of plant processes at physiological and molecular level. The involvement of ethylene in the regulation of transcription needs to be widely explored involving the interaction with other key molecular regulators. The aim of the current research topic was to explore and update our understanding on its regulatory role in plant developmental mechanisms at cellular or whole plant level under optimal and changing environmental conditions. The present edited volume includes original research papers and review articles describing ethylene’s regulatory role in plant development during plant ontogeny and also explains how it interacts with biotic and abiotic stress factors. This comprehensive collection of researches provide evidence that ethylene is essential in different physiological processes and does not always work alone, but in coordinated manner with other plant hormones. This research topic is also a source of tips for further works that should be addressed for the biology and molecular effects on plants.

Ethylene --- Phytohormones --- Tolerance --- Physiology --- Metaboilsm --- Signaling molecules

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In the landscape of the design of carbon nanomaterials, the fine-tuning of their functionalities and physico-chemical properties has increased their potential for therapeutic, diagnostic, and biosensing applications. In this editorial, we will provide a brief overview of the contents of this Special Issue. In particular, nanoplatforms originating from the synergistic combination of carbon-based nanomaterials (i.e., nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon quantum dots, nanodiamond, etc.) with various functional molecules such as drugs, natural compounds, biomolecules, polymers, metal nanoparticles, and macrocycles that have useful applications in drug delivery, multi-targeted therapies, theranostic as well as scaffolds in tissue engineering, and as sensing materials have been selected for publication as Articles or Mini Reviews. The variety of applications covered by the nine articles published in this Special Issue of Nanomaterials are proof of the growing attention that the use of carbon nanomaterials in the biomedical/pharmaceutical field has received in recent years. We hope that readers find the contents of this Special Issue useful for their research, which is aimed to advance carbon nanomaterials from the laboratory to clinical nanomedicine.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- graphene oxide --- covalent functionalization --- cortical membranes --- calcium phosphate deposition --- graphene/gold nanocomposite --- SERS --- Dopamine --- Rhodamine 6G --- nanodiamond --- tritium --- biodistribution --- Ewing sarcoma --- drug delivery --- siRNA --- nanomedicine --- porphyrin --- J-aggregates --- carbon nanotubes --- nanohybrids --- graphene --- liquid biopsy --- circulating tumor cells --- exosomes --- circulating nucleic acids --- COVID-19 --- pyrrole --- cancer --- doxorubicin --- drug delivery systems --- nanoparticles --- carbon dots --- platelet aggregation --- arterial thrombosis --- signaling molecules --- bleeding disorder --- cytotoxicity --- carbon nanomaterials --- camptothecin --- Caco-2 --- MCF-7 --- NanoHy-GPS --- antibacterial nanosystems --- one-pot microwave-assisted reaction --- silver nanoparticles --- polyvinyl alcohol --- n/a