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Economic geography --- Land use, Rural --- Regional planning --- Aménagement du territoire --- Planning --- -Regional planning --- -711 --- Regional development --- State planning --- Human settlements --- Land use --- City planning --- Landscape protection --- Rural land use --- Agriculture --- -Government policy --- -Land use, Rural --- Aménagement du territoire --- 711 --- Government policy --- Land use, Rural - Planning - France --- Regional planning - France --- Rural area planning --- Rural economy

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This paper proposes a parametric approach to estimating a dynamic binary response panel data model that allows for endogenous contemporaneous regressors. This approach is of particular value for settings in which one wants to estimate the effects of an endogenous treatment on a binary outcome. The model is next used to examine the impact of rural-urban migration on the likelihood that households in rural China fall below the poverty line. In this application, it is shown that migration is important for reducing the likelihood that poor households remain in poverty and that non-poor households fall into poverty. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that failure to control for unobserved heterogeneity would lead the researcher to underestimate the impact of migrant labor markets on reducing the probability of falling into poverty.

Achieving Shared Growth --- Debt Markets --- Farm employment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household survey --- Household surveys --- Human development --- Income --- Indicators of poverty --- Insurance --- Insurance markets --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poor --- Poor households --- Population Policies --- Poverty line --- Poverty persistence --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty status --- Regional Economic Development --- Remote regions --- Rural --- Rural economy --- Rural household --- Rural migrants --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Savings

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This is the first book to survey the experience of servants in rural Europe from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. Live-in servants were a distinctive element of early modern society. They were typically young adults aged between 16 and 24 who lived and worked in other people's households before marriage. Servants tended to be employed for long periods, several months to years at a time, and were paid with food and lodging as well as cash wages. Both women and men worked as servants in large numbers. Unlike domestic servants in towns and wealthy households, rural servants typically worked on farms and were an important element of the agricultural workforce. Historians have viewed service as a distinct life-cycle stage between childhood and marriage. It brought both freedom and servility for young people. It allowed them to leave home and earn a living before marriage, whilst learning a range of agricultural and craft skills which reduced their dependence on their parents and increased their choice in marriage partners. Still, servants had limited rights: they were under the authority of their employer, with a similar legal status to children. In many countries the employment of servants was tightly controlled by law. Servants could demand their wages, and leave when the contract ended, but had to work long hours and had little say in their work tasks during employment. While some servants effectively became family members, trusted and cared for, others were abused physically and sexually by their employers. This collection features a range of methodologies, reflecting the variety of source materials and approaches available to historians of this topic in a range of European countries and time periods. Nonetheless, it demonstrates the strong common themes that emerge from studying servants and will be of particular interest to historians of work, gender, the family, agriculture, economic development, youth and social structure. JANE WHITTLE is Professor of Rural History at the University of Exeter. Contributors: CHRISTINE FERTIG, JEREMY HAYHOE, SARAH HOLLAND, THIJS LAMBRECHT, CHARMIAN MANSELL, HANNE ØSTHUS, RICHARD PAPING, CRISTINA PRYTZ, RAFFAELLA SARTI, CAROLINA UPPENBERG, LIES VERVAET, JANE WHITTLE

History of Europe --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Household employees --- Rural conditions&delete& --- History --- Domestic employees --- Domestics --- Household staff --- Household workers --- Servants --- Rural conditions --- History. --- Domestic service employees --- Domestic service workers --- Service employees, Domestic --- Service workers, Domestic --- Employees --- Europe --- Employés de maison --- Conditions rurales --- Histoire --- Histoire. --- Employés de maison --- Agriculture. --- Domestic Workers. --- Employment. --- Gender Roles. --- Household Labor. --- Labor History. --- Rural Economy. --- Rural Europe. --- Rural Society. --- Servants. --- Social Structure. --- Socioeconomic Conditions.

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This systematic country diagnosis (SCD) for Chad aims to identify how to achieve the twin goals of ending poverty and improving shared prosperity. It acknowledges both: (i) the need for selectivity in pro-poor interventions, and (ii) the inherent difficulty to do so given the many competing binding reasons for poverty. Selectivity means the identification of principal opportunities for sustainable poverty reduction in the next 15 years, as well as the identification of binding constraints to reaping such opportunities. Selectivity also implies making trade-offs between immediate and longer term objectives, with priority given to the identification of poverty reduction opportunities which will: (i) deliver the highest possible results before 2030, and (ii) not undermine prospects for poverty reduction and shared prosperity beyond 2030. The analysis presented in the SCD draws on a variety of information sources. These include domestic statistics and reports, evaluations by the country's development partners, original research conducted by the World Bank team, and consultations held in N'Djamena with nongovernmental organizations and the private sector. Reaping poverty reduction opportunities will require addressing a selected number of binding constraints.

Administrative Costs --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector --- Cash Transfers --- Child Mortality --- Climate Change --- Commercial Banks --- Conflict --- Death --- Drinking Water --- Economic Growth --- Employment Opportunities --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Farmland --- Food Consumption --- Food Security --- Household Consumption --- Household Size --- Human Capital --- Human Development Index --- Human Rights --- Income Distribution --- Inequality --- Insurance --- Irrigation --- Land Management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Malnutrition --- Means Testing --- Nutrition --- Political Economy --- Poverty --- Poverty Line --- Poverty Reduction --- Public Spending --- Risk Management --- Rural Development --- Rural Economy --- Rural Electrification --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Sanitation --- Savings --- Transaction Costs

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Économie rurale a été créée en 1949 pour « favoriser la diffusion des connaissances en économie rurale ». Créée par la Société Française d’Economie Rurale (SFER, association Loi 1901), éditeur de la revue, elle contribue aux débats scientifiques sur les évolutions sociales, politiques et économiques du monde agricole et rural.

Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Agronomy --- Agriculture --- Economic aspects --- Periodicals --- Periodicals. --- Aspect économique --- Périodiques --- France --- Rural conditions --- Conditions rurales --- Plattelandseconomie. --- Economic aspects. --- France. --- 338.43 --- 63 --- Landbouweconomie --- Agriculture and related sciences and techniques. Forestry. Farming. Wildlife exploitation --- Business, Economy and Management --- Business Management --- Economics --- 63 Agriculture and related sciences and techniques. Forestry. Farming. Wildlife exploitation --- 338.43 Landbouweconomie --- Agrarian question --- Agribusiness --- Agricultural economics --- Agricultural production economics --- Production economics, Agricultural --- Bro-C'hall --- Fa-kuo --- Faguo --- Falanxi Gongheguo --- Faransā --- Farānsah --- França --- Francia --- Francija --- Francja --- Francland --- Francuska --- Franis --- Franḳraykh --- Frankreich --- Frankrig --- Frankryk --- Fransa --- Fransa Respublikası --- Franse --- Franse Republiek --- Frant︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Frantsuzskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Frantsyi︠a︡ --- Franza --- French Republic --- Frencisc Cynewīse --- Frenska republika --- Furansu --- Furansu Kyōwakoku --- Gallia --- Gallikē Dēmokratia --- Hyãsia --- Parancis --- Peurancih --- Phransiya --- Pransiya --- Pransya --- Prantsusmaa --- Pʻŭrangsŭ --- República Francesa --- Republica Franzesa --- Republika Francuska --- Republiḳah ha-Tsarfatit --- Republikang Pranses --- République française --- Tsarfat --- Tsorfat --- Land use, Rural --- Fa-lan-hsi --- Falanxi --- Farans --- Francia (Republic) --- Frankrijk --- Frankrike --- Frant͡ --- Frant͡s Uls --- Frant͡sii͡ --- Frantsuzskai͡a Rėspublika --- Frantsyi͡ --- Gallia (Republic) --- Pʻŭrangs --- Ranska --- Rural economy. --- 63 Landbouw, veeteelt en verwante wetenschappen en technieken. Bosbouw. Landbouw. Exploitatie van dieren in het wild. --- Landbouw, veeteelt en verwante wetenschappen en technieken. Bosbouw. Landbouw. Exploitatie van dieren in het wild. --- Agricultura --- Aspectes econòmics --- França --- Política agrícola