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This unique volume reviews more than fifty years of theoretical and experimental developments of the concept that properties of atomic nuclei up to a great extent are defined by the pair correlations of nuclear constituents - protons and neutrons. Such correlations in condensed matter are responsible for quantum phenomena on a macroscopic level - superfluidity and superconductivity. After introducing Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity of metals, it became clear that atomic nuclei have properties of superfluid drops, and practically all features of nuclei strongly depend on the pair correlations. Presenting a comprehensive overview of the progress of nuclear science, the contributions from leading physicists around the world, cover the whole spectrum of studies in nuclear physics and physics of other small systems. With the most updated information written in an accessible way, the volume will serve as an irreplaceable source of references covering many years of development and insight into several new problems at the frontiers of science. It will be useful not only for physicists working in nuclear and condensed matter physics, astrophysicists, chemists and historians of science, but will also help students understand the current status and perspectives for the future.
Pair production. --- Nuclear physics. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Pairing (Nuclear physics) --- Pairing force (Nuclear physics) --- Nuclear reactions --- Pairing correlations (Nuclear physics) --- Photons --- Superconductivity --- Superfluidity --- Corrélations d'appariement (Physique nucléaire) --- Supraconductivité --- Superfluidité --- Superconductivity. --- Superfluidity.
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Stochastic processes --- Electromagnetic theory --- Cosmic ray showers --- Processus stochastiques --- Théorie électromagnétique --- 519.218 --- #WWIS:STAT --- Auger showers --- Cosmic showers --- EAS (Cosmic rays) --- Extensive air showers --- Showers, Auger --- Showers, Cosmic --- Showers, Extensive air --- Cosmic rays --- Pair production --- Random processes --- Probabilities --- Light, Electromagnetic theory of --- Electric fields --- Magnetic fields --- Special stochastic processes --- Stochastic processes. --- Electromagnetic theory. --- Cosmic ray showers. --- 519.218 Special stochastic processes --- Théorie électromagnétique
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Extensive air showers are a very unique phenomenon. In the more than six decades since their discovery by Auger et al. we have learned a great deal about these extremely energetic events and gained deep insights into high-energy phenomena, particle physics and astrophysics. In this Tutorial, Reference Manual and Data Book Peter K. F. Grieder provides the reader with a comprehensive view of the phenomenology and facts of the various types of interactions and cascades, theoretical background, experimental methods, data evaluation and interpretation, and air shower simulation. He discusses astrophysical aspects of the primary radiation and addresses the questions that continue to puzzle researchers. The book is divided into two parts, each in its own separate volume: Part I in Volume I deals mainly with the basic theoretical framework of the processes that determine an air shower and ends with a summary of ways to extract information on the primary radiation from air shower observations. It also presents a compilation of data representing our current knowledge of the high-energy portion of the primary spectrum and composition. Part II in Volume II mainly contains compilations of experimental and theoretical data, as well as predictions from simulations of individual air shower constituents. Also included are chapters dedicated exclusively to special processes and detection methods: optical atmospheric Cherenkov and fluorescence phenomena that represent special observational windows and have proven to be successful alternatives to particle measurements, yielding three-dimensional insights into the shower process, as well as radio emission, which may develop into a useful future method of detection.
Cosmic rays. --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Nuclear Physics --- Light & Optics --- Cosmic ray showers. --- Astrophysics. --- Astronomical physics --- Auger showers --- Cosmic showers --- EAS (Cosmic rays) --- Extensive air showers --- Showers, Auger --- Showers, Cosmic --- Showers, Extensive air --- Physics. --- Space sciences. --- Nuclear physics. --- Particle and Nuclear Physics. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Cosmic rays --- Pair production --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom
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This thesis offers the first laboratory validation of microscopic simulations of radio emission from particle showers, including a detailed description of the simulation study. It presents a potential future avenue for resolving the mass composition of cosmic rays via radio detection of air showers. Particle showers are created from cascading interactions when high-energy particles collide with matter, e.g. with air in the case of cosmic radiation, or with a particle detector in the case of experiments at CERN. These showers can consist of billions of particles, mostly electrons, positrons and photons. They emit radio waves when the absorbing medium is in a magnetic field, and this radio emission can be used as a novel means of detecting and drawing inferences on the shower and the primary particle. The new method is currently being established in cosmic ray research, where large antenna arrays may soon replace or complement traditional particle detectors. In thi s study, a complete microscopic simulation of a radio-emission experiment conducted at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Stanford/USA, is performed, and the underlying physical models are validated. The model is subsequently applied to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project, which is a large interferometer for radio astronomy. It is demonstrated that the SKA, with some modifications, might also be used for cosmic ray research based on radio detection of high-energy particles from the cosmos.
Radio astronomy. --- Cosmic ray showers. --- Antenna arrays. --- Arrays, Antenna --- Auger showers --- Cosmic showers --- EAS (Cosmic rays) --- Extensive air showers --- Showers, Auger --- Showers, Cosmic --- Showers, Extensive air --- Radioastronomy --- Physics. --- Astrophysics. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Numerical and Computational Physics, Simulation. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Antennas (Electronics) --- Large space structures (Astronautics) --- Cosmic rays --- Pair production --- Astronomy --- Interstellar communication --- Measurement . --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Measurement --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics
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Particle physics is a science about the symmetries of our world. The Standard Model is the fundamental theory of microworld. Particle dynamics in the Standard Model obeys strict symmetry laws with explicit experimental consequences. Priority problems of particle physics based on the Standard Model are more accurate theoretical predictions, experimental measurements and data analysis, proof of existence or non-existence of supersymmetry, top quark properties, Higgs boson, exotic quark states, and physics of neutrinos. In this collection of articles, many of these problems are discussed. We recommend this book for students, graduate students, and scientists working in the field of high energy physics.
Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- exotic states --- confined covariant quark model --- strong and radiative decays --- strong interaction --- high energy --- multiparticle production --- multiplicity --- transverse momentum --- forward-backward correlations --- long-range rapidity correlations --- translation invariance in rapidity --- quark-gluon strings --- string fusion --- high energy physics --- electron–positron annihilation --- forward–backward asymmetry --- left–right asymmetry --- top quark --- pair production --- charge asymmetry --- neutrino oscillations in matter --- rephasing invariant --- neutrino absorption --- quasi-Dirac --- neutrino oscillation --- Majorana neutrino mass --- neutrinoless double beta decay --- gravity --- relocalization --- topology --- boundary --- poles
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The philosophical theory of scientific explanation proposed here involves a radically new treatment of causality that accords with the pervasively statistical character of contemporary science. Wesley C. Salmon describes three fundamental conceptions of scientific explanation--the epistemic, modal, and ontic. He argues that the prevailing view (a version of the epistemic conception) is untenable and that the modal conception is scientifically out-dated. Significantly revising aspects of his earlier work, he defends a causal/mechanical theory that is a version of the ontic conception. Professor Salmon's theory furnishes a robust argument for scientific realism akin to the argument that convinced twentieth-century physical scientists of the existence of atoms and molecules. To do justice to such notions as irreducibly statistical laws and statistical explanation, he offers a novel account of physical randomness. The transition from the "reviewed view" of scientific explanation (that explanations are arguments) to the causal/mechanical model requires fundamental rethinking of basic explanatory concepts.
Science --- Sciences --- Philosophy. --- Methodology. --- Philosophie --- Méthodologie --- Philosophy --- Methodology --- -Science --- -Natural science --- Science of science --- -Methodology --- Méthodologie --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Scientific method --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Aristotle. --- Bohr, Niels. --- Bromberger, Sylvain. --- Compton scattering. --- Davisson-Germer experiment. --- Humean problems. --- Jackson, Reggie. --- King, John L. --- Laplacian explanation. --- action-by-contact. --- aleatory explanation. --- alpha radiation. --- behaviorism. --- bone, worked. --- cancer. --- carriage accident. --- causal relation. --- collective (von Mises). --- contrast class. --- disjunctive dilution. --- effective calculability. --- energeticism. --- epidemiology. --- expectation. --- explanans-partition. --- explanans. --- first signal, light as. --- forecast, reliable. --- gambling system. --- gravitational radiation. --- high probability requirement. --- homogeneity. --- ignorance. --- improbable event. --- inferential version. --- lambda-definability. --- leukemia. --- logical empiricism. --- magnifying glass. --- materialism. --- microphysical entities. --- microscope. --- mononucleosis. --- necessary connection. --- nonrandomness. --- operationism. --- pair production/annihilation. --- partial entailment. --- plausibility. --- presupposition. --- psychotherapy. --- quantum domain. --- recursiveness. --- Nauka --- metodologia. --- filozofia. --- Science - Philosophy --- Science - Methodology
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This volume celebrates the 30th anniversary of the first very-high energy (VHE) gamma-ray Source detection: the Crab Nebula, observed by the pioneering ground-based Cherenkov telescope Whipple, at teraelectronvolts (TeV) energies, in 1989. As we entered a new era in TeV astronomy, with the imminent start of operations of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) and new facilities such as LHAASO and the proposed Southern Wide-Field Gamma-ray Observatory (SWGO), we conceived of this volume as a broad reflection on how far we have evolved in the astrophysics topics that dominated the field of TeV astronomy for much of recent history.In the past two decades, H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS pushed the field of TeV astronomy, consolidating the field of TeV astrophysics, from few to hundreds of TeV emitters. Today, this is a mature field, covering almost every topic of modern astrophysics. TeV astrophysics is also at the center of the multi-messenger astrophysics revolution, as the extreme photon energies involved provide an effective probe in cosmic-ray acceleration, propagation and interaction, in dark matter and exotic physics searches. The improvement that CTA will carry forward and the fact that CTA will operate as the first open observatory in the field, mean that gamma-ray astronomy is about to enter a new precision and productive era.This book aims to serve as an introduction to the field and its state of the art, presenting a series of authoritative reviews on a broad range of topics in which TeV astronomy provided essential contributions, and where some of the most relevant questions for future research lie.
Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- gamma ray astronomy --- imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique --- TeV gamma-rays --- non-thermal radiation --- keV-TeV cosmic sources --- INTEGRAL legacy data base --- relativistic astrophysics --- gamma rays --- cosmic rays --- interstellar medium --- Milky Way --- galaxies --- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal --- high energy astrophysics --- background radiation --- photon–photon interaction --- pair production --- axion-like particles --- gamma-rays --- IACTs --- intergalactic magnetic fields --- high-energy gamma rays --- electromagnetic cascades --- pevatrons --- Galactic cosmic rays --- PeVatron --- Crab Nebula --- angular resolution --- energy spectral distribution --- γ-ray astronomy --- very-high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics --- astroparticle physics --- imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes --- Quantum Gravity --- Lorentz invariance violation --- time of flight --- modified photon interactions --- very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy --- open science --- data format --- multi-messenger --- real-time --- high-energy --- alerts --- very-high-energy γ-ray astronomy --- atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes --- source catalogues --- gamma-ray astronomy --- Cherenkov telescopes --- ISM: supernova remnants --- ISM: individual objects—Crab Nebula --- pulsars: general --- radiation mechanisms: nonthermal --- gamma rays: general --- acceleration of particles --- astrophysical plasmas --- MHD --- high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics --- Gamma-ray bursts --- non-thermal emission --- radiative processes --- very-high energy Gamma-rays --- statistical analysis --- likelihood --- bayes --- imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope --- IACT --- IACT technology --- very high energy gamma-ray telescope --- ground-based gamma-ray astrophysics --- n/a --- photon-photon interaction --- ISM: individual objects-Crab Nebula
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