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Although the school class is highly relevant for the school organization of instruction, it is predominantly addressed in empirical school research as an explanandum. The sociality of the school class, on the other hand, has hardly been focused on as an empirical object of research. The aim of this paper is to address this desideratum by considering the school class as an object that is constituted in a variety of ways in different discourses. It also asks how classroom teachers construct the school class in everyday-based discourse and relate themselves to it. Different types of data are used to examine how which normative conceptions of school classes are produced in educational, programmatic, and everyday-based discourse. Contributions in scholarly and contemporary practice-instructional literature, as well as specially collected interviews with classroom teachers in secondary schools, serve as data materials. The interviews, as well as the idea for this study, were developed within the framework of the project on making school classes at the Department of Empirical Research on Teaching and School Development at the Institute of Educational Science at the University of Göttingen. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version).
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Virtue. --- Ethics. --- Normativity (Ethics)
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Normativity (Ethics) --- Ethical norms --- Normativeness (Ethics) --- Ethics
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Konstantin Pollok offers the first book-length analysis of Kant's theory of normativity that covers foundational issues in theoretical and practical philosophy as well as aesthetics. Interpreting Kant's 'critical turn' as a normative turn, he argues that Kant's theory of normativity is both original and radical: it departs from the perfectionist ideal of early modern rationalism, and arrives at an unprecedented framework of synthetic a priori principles that determine the validity of our judgments. Pollok examines the hylomorphism in Kant's theory of normativity and relates Kant's idea of our reason's self-legislation to the 'natural right' tradition, revealing Kant's debt to his predecessors as well as his relevance to contemporary debates on normativity. This book will appeal to academic researchers and advanced students of Kant, early modern philosophy and intellectual history.
Normativity (Ethics) --- Norme (Morale) --- Kant, Immanuel, --- Kant, Immanuel
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Platforma 3 is a scientific publication in which the students of the Postgraduate school ZRC SAZU present their completed and ongoing research. The edited volume combines contributions from various fields of humanities and social sciences, arising from a wide range of research topics.
Philosophy --- collective volume --- humanities --- Marxism --- normativity --- philosophy --- psychoanalysis --- science
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Ethical concepts are, or purport to be, normative. They make claims on us: they command, oblige, recommend, or guide. Or at least when we invoke them, we make claims on one another; but where does their authority over us - or ours over one another - come from? Christine Korsgaard identifies four accounts of the source of normativity that have been advocated by modern moral philosophers: voluntarism, realism, reflective endorsement, and the appeal to autonomy. She traces their history, showing how each developed in response to the prior one and comparing their early versions with those on the contemporary philosophical scene. Kant's theory that normativity springs from our own autonomy emerges as a synthesis of the other three, and Korsgaard concludes with her own version of the Kantian account. Her discussion is followed by commentary from G. A. Cohen, Raymond Geuss, Thomas Nagel, and Bernard Williams, and a reply by Korsgaard.
Normativity (Ethics) --- Normativity (Ethics). --- General ethics --- Norme (Morale) --- Ethical norms --- Normativeness (Ethics) --- Ethics --- Arts and Humanities --- Philosophy --- Norme (morale)
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The Oxford Handbook of Reasons and Normativity contains forty-four commissioned chapters on a wide range of topics. It will appeal especially to readers with an interest in ethics or epistemology, but also to those with an interest in philosophy of mind or philosophy of language. Both students and academics will benefit from the fact that the Handbook combines helpful overviews with innovative contributions to current debates. A diverse selection of substantive positions are defended by leading proponents of the views in question. Few concepts have received as much attention in recent philosophy as the concept of a reason. This is the first edited collection to provide broad coverage of the study of reasons and normativity across multiple philosophical subfields. In addition to focusing on reasons as part of the study of ethics and as part of the study of epistemology (as well as focusing on reasons as part of the study of the philosophy of language and as part of the study of the philosophy of mind), the Handbook covers recent developments concerning the nature of normativity in general. A number of the contributions to the Handbook explicitly address such “metanormative” issues, bridging subfields as they do so.
Normativity (Ethics) --- Reason --- Ethical norms --- Normativeness (Ethics) --- Ethics --- Mind --- Intellect --- Rationalism --- E-books --- Logic --- Erkenntnistheorie. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- Grund. --- Normativity (Ethics). --- Reason. --- Philosophy of mind.
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L’opposition des faits et des valeurs est au nombre des principes dont la philosophie morale, l’épistémologie, voire l’économie politique, ont fait l’un de leurs axes majeurs. En s’y attaquant dans ce livre paru en 2002, Hilary Putnam proclame l’effondrement du dernier " dogme de l’empirisme" . Le défi qu’il lui oppose renoue avec une inspiration qui fut celle des pragmatistes, à la fois par leur refus de dissocier les faits et les valeurs et par leur souci de ne pas abandonner ces dernières à la seule subjectivité. Dans sa volonté de renouveler ainsi le débat sur les valeurs, Putnam ne se contente pas d’en analyser les présupposés chez les auteurs qui en sont partie prenante, de Hume à Carnap ou de Kant à Bernard Williams, Jürgen Habermas ou Richard Rorty; il s’attache également à souligner les implications désastreuses d’une stricte dichotomie des faits et des valeurs en économie politique, conformément à ce que le prix Nobel d’économie Amartya Sen n’a cessé de montrer dans son oeuvre. L’ampleur des considérations sur lesquelles débouche le dialogue que Putnam noue avec celui-ci se mesure aux problèmes que pose désormais l’inégale répartition des richesses entre les diverses parties de la planète.
Values --- Normativity (Ethics) --- Facts (Philosophy) --- Valeurs (Philosophie) --- Norme (Morale) --- Faits (Philosophie)
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Les contributions de cet ouvrage traitent d'un sujet dont il n'est pas exagéré de dire qu'il constitue un véritable angle mort de la pensée juridique. C'est que le devoir n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une étude d'ensemble, quoique de remarquables travaux aient promu une approche plus sectorielle. Le devoir, conçu depuis Kant comme une notion de philosophie morale, n'a guère eu les faveurs de la doctrine qui le considère volontiers comme une simple source réelle du droit qui certes l'influence mais sans jamais - ou si peu - compter parmi ses concepts opératoires. En conséquence, le devoir peine à acquérir une véritable valeur technique ainsi qu'un régime juridique net. La pensée civiliste a souvent préféré consacrer ses recherches à l'obligation, de noblesse romaine, autour de laquelle s'articule le droit privé. La doctrine publiciste a quant à elle manifesté un grand intérêt pour les notions d'ordre public, de service public, de droits fondamentaux, laissant encore le devoir à l'écart de ses préoccupations. Les théoriciens du droit ont, quant à eux, d'abord concentré leurs efforts sur l'élucidation du concept de norme, puis celui de règle, laissant encore le devoir à la marge de leurs recherches. Et ce sont aujourd'hui les techniques modernes de régulation (le droit souple et ses avatars) opposées à toute idée de devoir qui sont au coeur des efforts les plus récents. C'est ce constat qui a poussé l'équipe d'accueil Marchés, Institutions, Libertés (MIL) de l'UPEC à centrer ses recherches sur le devoir, ce concept oublié, en le mettant en relation avec les notions qui charpentent utilement le droit positif (l'obligation, le contrat, les droits fondamentaux, la faute, etc.).
Obligations (Law) --- Law --- Duty --- Philosophy --- Normativity (Ethics) --- Norme (Morale) --- Obligations (Droit) --- Droit --- Devoir --- Philosophie
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