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One aspect of common sense reasoning is reasoning about normal cases, e.g. a physician will first try to interpret symptoms by a common disease, and will take more exotic possibilities only later into account. Such ""normality"" can be encoded, e.g. bya relation, where case A is considered more normal than case B. This gives a standard semantics or interpretation to nonmonotonic reasoning (a branch of common sense reasoning), or, more formally, to nonmonotonic logics. We consider in this book the repercussions such normality relations and similarconstructions have on the resulting nonm

Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Algebraic logic. --- Semantics --- Modality (Logic) --- Mathematical models. --- Modal logic --- Logic --- Nonclassical mathematical logic --- Bisimulation --- Mathematical linguistics --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Reasoning

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1. Introduction -- 2. Preference Logics -- 3. Nonmonotonic Inference Relations -- 4. Consistency-Based Logics -- 5. Abduction -- 6. Semantics of Programs with Negation -- 7. Nonmonotonicity in Logic Programming.

Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Mathematical logic --- Reasoning --- Logic. --- Raisonnement --- Logique --- Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- 681.3*I23 --- Deduction and theorem proving: answer/reason extraction; reasoning; resolution; metatheory; mathematical induction; logic programming (Artificial intelligence) --- 681.3*I23 Deduction and theorem proving: answer/reason extraction; reasoning; resolution; metatheory; mathematical induction; logic programming (Artificial intelligence) --- Logic --- Nonmonotonic reasoning --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Thought and thinking --- Methodology --- Artificial intelligence.

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The Handbook of the History of Logic is a multi-volume research instrument that brings to the development of logic the best in modern techniques of historical and interpretative scholarship. It is the first work in English in which the history of logic is presented so extensively. The volumes are numerous and large. Authors have been given considerable latitude to produce chapters of a length, and a level of detail, that would lay fair claim on the ambitions of the project to be a definitive research work. Authors have been carefully selected with this aim in mind. They and the Editors join

Logic --- Logique --- History. --- Histoire --- Induction (Logic) --- Philosophy --- History --- Logic. --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Methodology --- Set theory. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Many-valued logic. --- Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Aggregates --- Classes (Mathematics) --- Ensembles (Mathematics) --- Mathematical sets --- Sets (Mathematics) --- Theory of sets --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Logic, Many-valued --- Logic, Multivalued --- Logic, Variable-valued --- Multivalued logic --- Variable-valued logic --- Nonclassical mathematical logic --- Values

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Nonmonotonic logics were created as an abstraction of some types of common sense reasoning, analogous to the way classical logic serves to formalize ideal reasoning about mathematical objects. These logics are nonmonotonic in the sense that enlarging the set of axioms does not necessarily imply an enlargement of the set of formulas deducible from these axioms. Such situations arise naturally, for example, in the use of information of different degrees of reliability. This book emphasizes basic concepts by outlining connections between different formalisms of nonmonotonic logic, and gives a coherent presentation of recent research results and reasoning techniques. It provides a self-contained state-of-the-art survey of the area addressing researchers in AI lo.

Default reasoning --- Logic --- Artificial intelligence --- Nonmonotonic reasoning --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Artificial intelligence. --- Default reasoning. --- Logic. --- Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Computer science. --- Mathematical logic. --- Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Informatics --- Science --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism

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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Extensions of Logic Programming, NMELP '96, held in Bad Honnef, Germany, in September 1996. The nine full papers presented in the volume in revised version were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 18 submissions; the set of papers addresses theoretical, applicational and implementational issues and reflects the current state of the art in the area of non-monotonic extensions of logic programming. An introductory survey by the volume editors entitled "Prolegomena to Logic Programming for Non-Monotonic Reasoning" deserves special mentioning; it contains a bibliography listing 136 entries.

Logic programming --- Nonmonotonic reasoning --- Congresses. --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Congresses --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Computer science. --- Architecture, Computer. --- Computer programming. --- Programming languages (Electronic computers). --- Mathematical logic. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer Science. --- Computer System Implementation. --- Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Programming Techniques. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Computer languages --- Computer program languages --- Computer programming languages --- Machine language --- Languages, Artificial --- Computers --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Architecture, Computer --- Informatics --- Science --- Programming --- Computer network architectures. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Architectures, Computer network --- Network architectures, Computer --- Computer architecture --- Logic programming - Congresses --- Nonmonotonic reasoning - Congresses.