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Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by the infectious agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a major global public health problem that infects one third of the world's population. This book provides an overview of the molecular epidemiology pattern, transmission dynamics, host response, evolution, and pathogenesis mechanisms of TB. Chapters explore such topics as mechanisms associated with increasing trends of drug-resistant TB, the development of anti-mycobacterial drugs, genotyping tools, diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection, and more.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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The WHO End TB Strategy calls for the early diagnosis of TB and universal drug susceptibility testing (DST), highlighting the critical role of laboratories for rapidly and accurately detecting TB and drug resistance. Molecular assays based on nucleic acid amplification techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed for rapid TB diagnosis and are being implemented in developing countries. A commercial molecular assay Loopamp MTBC Detection Kit based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification was developed by Eiken Chemical Company Ltd (Tokyo, Japan) for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (TB-LAMP). TB-LAMP is a manual assay that requires less than one hour to perform and can be read with the naked eye under ultra violet light. Following review of the latest evidence, WHO recommends that TB-LAMP can be used as a replacement for microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in adults with signs and symptoms of TB. It can also be considered as a follow-on test to microscopy in adults with signs and symptoms of pulmonary TB, especially when further testing of sputum smear-negative specimens is necessary.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. --- Tuberculosis --- Microbiology.

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The emergence of MDdR-TB and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDdR-TB) has raised special concerns in relation to the international spread of particularly dangerous strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Since the 2006 edition was published, several incidents have occurred involving air travel and potential transmission of TB. The revision of the International Health Regulations (IHR), which entered into force in June 2007, provides for the introduction of new measures that might potentially apply to international events involving TB. The IHR provide a legal framework for a more effective and coordinated international response to public health emergencies and risks, including those caused by outbreaks of communicable diseases. Several IHR provisions are relevant to the detection and control of TB during air travel, strengthening the role of WHO and of national public health authorities in this domain. Following these important recent developments, WHO has prepared this third edition to address current public health risks that may arise from the potential transmission of TB during air travel, and new approaches to international collaboration. This edition builds upon the 2006 edition and adds to it in providing: (i) greater clarity in the definition of infectious index cases; (ii) procedures for the follow-up of contacts of infectious cases; and (iii) a more detailed definition of the roles and responsibilities of the agencies involved. The recommendations recognize that the response needs to be proportional to the risk, so that public confidence is preserved and unnecessary restrictions are avoided. The guidelines were developed with the collaboration of public health authorities and international experts in the prevention and control of TB, travel medicine and air travel. Implementing the recommendations will help to reduce the international spread of TB and decrease the risk of infection among individual travellers. Although the role of air travel-related transmission of TB is minimal compared with the overall transmission of TB worldwide, these guidelines may nevertheless be useful for national authorities, especially in countries with a low TB burden, and for the airline industry, to facilitate procedures involving multiple actors.

Tuberculosis --- Air travel. --- Prevention. --- Transmission. --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an attempt to understand the extent to which the bacilli has adapted itself to the host and to its final target. On the other hand, there is a section in which other specialists discuss how to manipulate this immune response to obtain innovative prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to truncate the intimal co-evolution between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Homo sapiens.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. --- Koch bacillus --- Tubercle bacillus --- Mycobacterium --- Tuberculin --- Tuberculosis --- Medicine --- Internal Medicine --- Infectious Diseases --- Health Sciences

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The book offers comprehensive coverage on novel manifestations of known infections, novel infections with documented ophthalmic involvement, and the growing issue of resistance among certain infections. Filling a much-needed gap in current literary offerings, chapters approach ophthalmic manifestations of infectious disease from a novel perspective. Each chapter is co-written by an ophthalmologist and an infectious disease specialist to provide multidisciplinary insight. This unique analysis of infectious disease enhances the ability of ophthalmologists and infectious disease specialists to identify the manifold manifestations of both common and rare infections in the eye. Chapters begin with a general introduction, and each contain an Infectious Disease section, along with an Ophthalmology section. The book covers infections such as viral retinitis, fungal infections, syphilis, tuberculosis, vector-borne illnesses, and delve into rarer conditions such as unusual post-operative infections. Concise and practical, Emerging Ocular Infection will be of use to ID specialists, and ophthalmologists alike.

Ophthalmology. --- Internal medicine. --- Internal Medicine. --- Medicine, Internal --- Medicine --- Eye --- Diseases --- Infections. --- Mycoses ǂx Immunological aspects. --- Mycobacterial diseases. --- Tuberculosis. --- Eye ǂx Diseases. --- Eye Infections --- Infections ǂx immunology. --- Mycobacterium Infections. --- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. --- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous. --- Eye Diseases. --- Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated --- Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Familial Disseminated --- Atypical Mycobacteriosis, Familial --- Atypical Mycobacteriosis, Familial Disseminated --- Atypical Mycobacterium Infections --- Infections, Atypical Mycobacterium --- Mycobacterium abscessus Infection --- Mycobacterium Infections, Atypical --- Atypical Mycobacterium Infection --- Familial Atypical Mycobacterioses --- Familial Atypical Mycobacteriosis --- Infection, Mycobacterium abscessus --- Infections, Mycobacterium abscessus --- Mycobacterioses, Familial Atypical --- Mycobacteriosis, Familial Atypical --- Mycobacterium Infection, Atypical --- Mycobacterium Infection, Nontuberculous --- Mycobacterium abscessus Infections --- Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Infection --- Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Infections --- Eye Disorders --- Eye Disease --- Eye Disorder --- Ophthalmology --- Ocular Infections --- Eye Infection --- Infection, Eye --- Infection, Ocular --- Infections, Eye --- Infections, Ocular --- Ocular Infection --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Atypical Mycobacterium --- Mycobacterium, Atypical --- Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria --- Nontuberculous Mycobacterium --- Atypical Mycobacteria --- Mycobacteria, Atypical --- Mycobacterium duvalii --- Mycobacterium flavescens --- Mycobacterium gilvum --- Mycobacterium gordonae --- Mycobacterium obuense --- Mycobacterium szulgai --- Mycobacterium terrae --- Mycolicibacter terrae --- Mycolicibacterium duvalii --- Mycolicibacterium flavescens --- Mycolicibacterium gilvum --- Mycolicibacterium obuense --- Tuberculoid Bacillus --- Infections, Mycobacterium --- Infection, Mycobacterium --- Mycobacterium Infection --- Mycobacterial disease --- Mycobacterial infections --- Mycobacterioses --- Mycobacterium infections --- Gram-positive bacterial infections --- Tuberculosis --- Mycoses --- Infections --- Immunological aspects. --- Diseases. --- immunology.