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Remote sensing is being actively researched in the fields of environment, military and urban planning through technologies such as monitoring of natural climate phenomena on the earth, land cover classification, and object detection. Recently, satellites equipped with observation cameras of various resolutions were launched, and remote sensing images are acquired by various observation methods including cluster satellites. However, the atmospheric and environmental conditions present in the observed scene degrade the quality of images or interrupt the capture of the Earth's surface information. One method to overcome this is by generating synthetic images through image simulation. Synthetic images can be generated by using statistical or knowledge-based models or by using spectral and optic-based models to create a simulated image in place of the unobtained image at a required time. Various proposed methodologies will provide economical utility in the generation of image learning materials and time series data through image simulation. The 6 published articles cover various topics and applications central to Remote sensing image simulation. Although submission to this Special Issue is now closed, the need for further in-depth research and development related to image simulation of High-spatial and spectral resolution, sensor fusion and colorization remains.I would like to take this opportunity to express my most profound appreciation to the MDPI Book staff, the editorial team of Applied Sciences journal, especially Ms. Nimo Lang, the assistant editor of this Special Issue, talented authors, and professional reviewers.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- image fusion --- random forest regression --- SAR image --- panchromatic image --- high-resolution --- multi-beam LiDAR --- in situ self-calibration --- mobile mapping system --- 3D point cloud --- backpack-based mapping --- aerial orthoimage --- Sentinel-2 --- super-resolution --- image simulation --- residual U-Net --- interferometry --- remote sensing --- computational simulation --- denoising --- detection --- SAR imagery --- fusing region proposals --- KOMPSAT-3A --- strip --- sensor modeling --- RPCs --- mosaic --- matching --- discrepancy --- n/a

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Geomorphometry is the science of quantitative terrain characterization and analysis, and has traditionally focused on the investigation of terrestrial and planetary landscapes. However, applications of marine geomorphometry have now moved beyond the simple adoption of techniques developed for terrestrial studies, driven by the rise in the acquisition of high-resolution seafloor data and by the availability of user-friendly spatial analytical tools. Considering that the seafloor represents 71% of the surface of our planet, this is an important step towards understanding the Earth in its entirety.This volume is the first one dedicated to marine applications of geomorphometry. It showcases studies addressing the five steps of geomorphometry: sampling a surface (e.g., the seafloor), generating a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from samples, preprocessing the DTM for subsequent analyses (e.g., correcting for errors and artifacts), deriving terrain attributes and/or extracting terrain features from the DTM, and using and explaining those terrain attributes and features in a given context. Throughout these studies, authors address a range of challenges and issues associated with applying geomorphometric techniques to the complex marine environment, including issues related to spatial scale, data quality, and linking seafloor topography with physical, geological, biological, and ecological processes. As marine geomorphometry becomes increasingly recognized as a sub-discipline of geomorphometry, this volume brings together a collection of research articles that reflect the types of studies that are helping to chart the course for the future of marine geomorphometry.

geomorphology --- simulation --- accuracy --- spatial scale --- marine geomorphology --- surface roughness --- forage fish --- satellite imagery --- thalwegs --- digital elevation models (DEMs) --- Seabed 2030 --- Pacific sand lance --- Acoustic applications --- python --- Nippon Foundation/GEBCO --- Oceanic Shoals Australian Marine Park --- submarine topography --- multi beam echosounder --- sedimentation --- bedforms --- carbonate banks --- polychaete --- cold-water coral --- multiscale --- automated-mapping --- semi-automated mapping --- sediment habitats --- Atlantic Ocean --- Northwestern Australia --- random forest --- benthic habitat mapping --- paleoclimate --- submerged glacial bedforms --- seafloor --- currents --- Cenomanian–Turonian --- Multibeam bathymetry --- geomorphometry --- ArcGIS --- filter --- seabed mapping --- coral reefs --- eastern Brazilian shelf --- digital terrain analysis --- multibeam spatial resolution --- multibeam --- multibeam sonar --- Timor Sea --- seafloor geomorphometry --- shelf-slope-rise --- terrain analysis --- seafloor mapping technologies --- spatial analysis --- Canary Basin --- paleobathymetry --- Bonaparte Basin --- pockmarks --- benthic habitats --- Malin Basin --- geographic object-based image analysis --- seafloor mapping standards and protocols --- GIS --- Bering Sea --- object segmentation --- Barents Sea --- bathymetry --- carbonate mound --- underwater acoustics --- integration artefacts --- multibeam echosounder --- domes --- global bathymetry --- Random Forests --- North Sea --- spatial prediction --- Glaciated Margin --- marine geology --- image segmentation --- shelf morphology --- Alaska --- paleoceanography --- confidence --- swath geometry --- volcanoes --- deglaciation --- Cretaceous --- DEM --- habitat mapping --- marine remote sensing --- reconstruction --- acoustic-seismic profiling --- canyons

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The Special Issue Machining—Recent Advances, Applications and Challenges is intended as a humble collection of some of the hottest topics in machining. The manufacturing industry is a varying and challenging environment where new advances emerge from one day to another. In recent years, new manufacturing procedures have retained increasing attention from the industrial and scientific community. However, machining still remains the key operation to achieve high productivity and precision for high-added value parts. Continuous research is performed, and new ideas are constantly considered. This Special Issue summarizes selected high-quality papers which were submitted, peer-reviewed, and recommended by experts. It covers some (but not only) of the following topics: High performance operations for difficult-to-cut alloys, wrought and cast materials, light alloys, ceramics, etc.; Cutting tools, grades, substrates and coatings. Wear damage; Advanced cooling in machining: Minimum quantity of lubricant, dry or cryogenics; Modelling, focused on the reduction of risks, the process outcome, and to maintain surface integrity; Vibration problems in machines: Active and passive/predictive methods, sources, diagnosis and avoidance; Influence of machining in new concepts of machine–tool, and machine static and dynamic behaviors; Machinability of new composites, brittle and emerging materials; Assisted machining processes by high-pressure, laser, US, and others; Introduction of new analytics and decision making into machining programming. We wish to thank the reviewers and staff from Materials for their comments, advice, suggestions and invaluable support during the development of this Special Issue.

in situ estimation --- modeling --- simulation --- variable pitch --- X-ray diffraction --- cutting edge preparation --- plastic zone --- flank milling --- surface roughness --- power consumption --- cutting tool --- fatigue --- additive manufacturing --- optimization --- trochoidal step --- surface topography --- sinusoidal grid --- milling --- desirability approach --- electrochemical discharge machining --- fast simulation --- Inconel 718 --- secondary adhesion wear --- machinability --- hybrid stacks drilling --- cooling rate --- shape memory alloy --- residual stress --- diameter variation --- turning --- computer vision --- workholding --- on-machine monitoring --- chip morphology --- dry-cutting --- turning machine tools --- SACE-drilled hole depth --- residual stresses --- cryogenic machining --- prime machining costs --- PVD Ti0.41Al0.59N/Ti0.55Al0.45N coating --- single point incremental sheet forming --- butt weld joint --- dish angle --- machining characteristic --- DSC test --- segmented diamond blade --- cutting tool wear --- ultra-precision machining --- ceramics --- shape memory effect --- current density --- fractal dimension --- crack growth rate --- drilling --- force–temperature correlation through analytical modeling --- finite element model --- analytic solution --- aluminium --- taguchi method --- multi-objective optimization --- real-time prediction --- Gamma-TiAl --- cutting temperature --- EN 31 steel --- superalloys --- material-removal rate --- glass machining --- corner radius --- thin-wall machining --- vibration --- GPU --- titanium aluminides --- minimum quantity lubrication --- machining temperatures at two deformation zones --- finite element method --- roughness --- slight materials --- high computational efficiency --- dynamic --- adhesive --- heat transfer analysis --- connections --- stability --- vibrations --- trochoidal milling --- magnesium alloys --- specific cutting energy --- laser-assisted machining --- artificial neutral network --- microscopic analysis --- Milling stability --- topography --- weight loss --- modal testing --- sustainable machining --- dry --- damping --- ductile machining --- Inconel® 718 --- modelling --- cutting edge microgeometry --- electropulsing --- PCD --- cutting geometry --- fixture --- artificial neural networks --- spark-assisted chemical engraving --- machining --- specific energy consumption --- heat transfer search algorithm --- material removal rate --- prediction --- CFRP/UNS A92024 --- tool wear --- titanium alloy --- multi-beam laser --- chip compression ratio --- design of experiments --- concrete --- ANN --- titanium --- chatter --- response surface methodology --- machine tool --- superelastic nitinol --- optimal machining conditions --- machine vision --- steel sheet --- cutting process --- fracture mechanism --- self-excitation --- tool insert condition --- induction assisted milling --- hole quality --- GA --- titanium alloys --- microlens array --- parameter identification --- Taguchi method --- weld reinforcement --- slow tool servo --- cutting parameters --- flank super abrasive machining (SAM) --- stiffness properties --- grey relational analysis --- deflection --- computer numerical control --- grain density --- surface grinding --- the cutting force components --- Huber–Mises stress --- WEDM