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An improved interaction between human and machine is vital for the ongoing automation of our modern life style. However, since practically no machines would be working without the presence of sensors, humans are heavily dependent on sensor technology.

Magnetron sputtering.

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This book contains the articles collected for the Special Issue entitled "Micro-nano Surface Functionalization of Materials and Thin Films for Optical Applications" in the journal Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). These selected articles provide a meaningful overview of recent advances and concepts beyond the state-of-the-art regarding surface functionalization of materials and deposition of thin films to be used in optical applications. The aim was to cover all relevant aspects of the topic (simulation, design, fabrication, characterization and applications) with a special emphasis on non-conventional methods for surface modification of materials, combinations of mature fabrication routes with emerging technologies (i.e., additive manufacturing) and large-area fabrication concepts to pave the way to an industrial utilization of the developed materials. This overview comprises the recent work of reputed scientists from Germany, Austria, Spain and India on: - New developments on the scale-up deposition of transparent conductive materials by magnetron sputtering,- Design of hierarchical surface structures at different scale lengths for nanoimprinting of optical nano- and micro-structures, - Non-conventional preparation of rutile-type TiO2 films at room temperature for optical applications on heat-sensitive substrates, - Design of spectrally selective solar absorber coatings based on computational simulation and ellipsometry measurements.

Research & information: general --- reactive magnetron sputtering --- transparent conductive oxide --- electronic transport --- doping efficiency --- tin dioxide --- Nanoimprint lithography --- UV-NIL --- reversal NIL --- liquid transfer imprint lithography --- hierarchical structures --- optical micro- and nanostructures --- ITO thin films --- magnetron sputtering --- low temperature deposition --- oxygen flow --- microstructure --- optoelectronic properties --- transparent heaters --- titanium oxide films --- filtered cathodic vacuum arc --- rutile --- optical coatings --- spectrally selective absorber --- multilayer stack --- spectroscopic ellipsometry --- optical constants --- simulation

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Since the great success of graphene, atomically thin-layered nanomaterials, called two dimensional (2D) materials, have attracted tremendous attention due to their extraordinary physical properties. Specifically, van der Waals heterostructured architectures based on a few 2D materials, named atomic-scale Lego, have been proposed as unprecedented platforms for the implementation of versatile devices with a completely novel function or extremely high-performance, shifting the research paradigm in materials science and engineering. Thus, diverse 2D materials beyond existing bulk materials have been widely studied for promising electronic, optoelectronic, mechanical, and thermoelectric applications. Especially, this Special Issue included the recent advances in the unique preparation methods such as exfoliation-based synthesis and vacuum-based deposition of diverse 2D materials and also their device applications based on interesting physical properties. Specifically, this Editorial consists of the following two parts: Preparation methods of 2D materials and Properties of 2D materials

History of engineering & technology --- α-MoO3 --- carbon nitride --- g-C3N4 --- molybdenum trioxide --- nanoplates --- synthesis --- few-layer MoS2 --- magnetron sputtering --- magnetron sputtering power --- raman spectroscopy --- disorder --- V2Se9 --- atomic crystal --- mechanical exfoliation --- scanning Kelvin probe microscopy --- MoS2 --- black phosphorus --- 2D/2D heterojunction --- junction FET --- tunneling diode --- tunneling FET --- band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) --- natural molybdenite --- MoS2 nanosheet --- SiO2 --- liquid exfoliation --- photoelectric properties --- uniaxial strain --- flexible substrate --- film–substrate interaction --- photoluminescence --- Raman spectroscopy --- molybdenum disulfide --- bilayer-stacked structure --- WS2 --- lubricant additives --- tribological properties --- interfacial layer --- contact resistance --- bias stress stability --- saturable absorbers --- Langmuir–Blodgett technique --- Q-switched laser --- chemical vapor deposition --- P2O5 --- p-type conduction --- P-doped MoS2 --- transition metal dichalcogenides --- two-dimensional materials --- ferroelectrics --- 2D heterostructure --- WSe2 --- NbSe2 --- Nb2O5 interlayer --- synapse device --- neuromorphic system --- n/a --- film-substrate interaction --- Langmuir-Blodgett technique

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hardening --- microstructure --- stainless steel --- WC-12Co coatings --- gear oil --- high velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) --- material deformation --- thermochemical treatment --- wetting behavior --- cracking behavior --- properties of surface layers --- wear resistance --- nitriding --- thermal spraying --- surface engineering --- Cu–Sn --- wear behavior --- K417G Ni-based superalloy --- tribology --- AISI 316L --- joint replacements --- reactive high-power impulse magnetron sputtering --- micropitting --- scuffing --- laser forming repairing --- Ti6Al4V --- wire arc spray --- cavitation erosion --- surface modification --- HVOF --- wear --- surface morphology --- S-phase --- wood sanding --- friction behavior --- competitive mechanism --- tribological properties --- steel gears --- coating --- DLC coating --- PTFE --- laser texturing --- surface characterization --- elastic spring back --- laser remelting --- XANES spectroscopy --- coatings --- abrasive wear --- silicon nitride --- pitting --- TiO2 sol --- ploughing --- lubricous oxides --- electrodeposition

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The book outlines a series of developments made in the manufacturing of bio-functional layers via Physical Vapour-Deposited (PVD) technologies for application in various areas of healthcare. The scrutinized PVD methods include Radio-Frequency Magnetron Sputtering (RF-MS), Cathodic Arc Evaporation, Pulsed Electron Deposition and its variants, Pulsed Laser Deposition, and Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) due to their great promise, especially in dentistry and orthopaedics. These methods have yet to gain traction for industrialization and large-scale application in biomedicine. A new generation of implant coatings can be made available by the (1) incorporation of organic moieties (e.g., proteins, peptides, enzymes) into thin films using innovative methods such as combinatorial MAPLE, (2) direct coupling of therapeutic agents with bioactive glasses or ceramics within substituted or composite layers via RF-MS, or (3) innovation in high-energy deposition methods, such as arc evaporation or pulsed electron beam methods.

Technology: general issues --- pulsed electron deposition --- thin films --- orthopedic applications --- bioactivity --- ceramic coatings --- yttria-stabilized zirconia --- calcium phosphates --- hydroxyapatite --- biomimetic coatings --- antibacterial coatings --- thin film --- RF magnetron sputtering --- pulsed DC --- Silicon --- bio-coatings --- biomimetics --- laser deposition --- PLD --- MAPLE --- tissue engineering --- cancer --- titanium-based carbonitrides --- coating --- corrosion resistance --- X-ray diffraction --- nanoindentation --- cathodic arc deposition --- biological-derived hydroxyapatite coatings --- lithium doping --- food industrial by-products --- in vivo extraction force --- pulsed laser deposition --- 3D printing --- calcium phosphate --- PEEK --- surface modification --- sputtering --- ToFSIMS --- XPS --- implant coating --- bioactive glass --- copper doping --- gallium doping --- mechanical --- cytocompatibility --- antibacterial --- physical vapour deposition --- thin-films --- medical devices --- biomimicry