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Proposed New Grouping in WEO Country Classifications : Low-Income Developing Countries
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Year: 2014 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,

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This note develops a definition of a new category of countries (Low Income Developing Countries (acronym: LIDCs)) that can be deployed to (a) facilitate enhanced coverage of low income country issues in the Fund's flagship products and (b) serve as a standardized definition of the "low income country" universe in staff analytical work.1 While use of the proposed definition in analytical work would be encouraged, it would not be required.


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Enhancing Financial Sector Surveillance in Low-Income Countries : Case Studies
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Year: 2012 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,

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This supplement presents ten case studies, which highlight the roles of targeted policies to facilitate sustainable financial deepening in a variety of country circumstances, reflecting historical experiences that parallel a range of markets in LICs. The case studies were selected to broadly capture efforts by countries to increase reach (e.g., financial inclusion), depth (e.g., financial intermediation), and breadth of financial systems (e.g., capital market, cross-border development). The analysis in the case studies highlights the importance of a balanced approach to financial deepening. A stable macroeconomic environment is vital to instill consumer, institutional, and investor confidence necessary to encourage financial market activity. Targeted public policy initiatives (e.g., collateral, payment systems development) can be helpful in removing impediments and creating infrastructure for improved market operations, while ensuring appropriate oversight and regulation of financial markets, to address potential sources of instability and market failures.


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Reform of the Fund's Policy on Poverty Reduction Strategies in Fund Engagement with Low-Income Countries : Proposals
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,

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Poverty reduction strategies (PRS) are central to Fund-supported economic and financial programs in low-income countries (LICs). The joint IMF-World Bank's Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative introduced the PRS approach and established documentation requirements centered on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The PRS approach has also been a cornerstone for the Fund's concessional financing, currently the Extended Credit Facility (ECF), and has been extended to the Policy Support Instruments (PSI), the non-financing instrument for LICs, with PRS documentation serving as the operational framework for development of strategies to promote growth and reduce poverty under Fund-supported programs.


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The urban unbanked in Mexico and the United States
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Year: 2006 Publisher: [Washington, D.C. : World Bank,

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"This paper examines the ways in which lower-income households obtain basic financial services in urban communities in Mexico and the United States. And it discusses the efforts that private sector and government organizations are making to lower the cost or improve the quality of those services. The paper summarizes available information on these issues and assesses the rationale and challenges facing the strategies that both countries are using to improve the financial services available to lower-income households, giving particular attention to "unbanked" households, meaning households that do not have deposit accounts with any regulated deposit-taking institution, and also to lower-income households in large urban areas. In comparing the experiences of the two countries, the paper reviews the extent to which lower-income households are unbanked, their use of non-bank financial services, and strategies for improving financial services to the unbanked. The underlying differences between the countries' typical household incomes-national income per capita in Mexico in 2002 was USD 8,540, compared with USD 35,060 in the United States (World Bank 2003)-may also influence the difference in percentage of unbanked-9.1 percent of families in the United States compared with 76.4 percent found in a recent study in Mexico City. "--World Bank web site.


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L'autre Abidjan : Etude de l'habitat d'un quartier précaire et propositions d'interventions
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ISBN: 2738497217 Year: 2000 Publisher: Paris : Monthléry : Harmattan : Architecture et développement ; Association française des volontaires du progrès (AFVP),

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Bidonvilles
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ISBN: 2348074087 Year: 2022 Publisher: Paris : La Découverte,

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Effects of, and user experiences with, interventions aimed at assisting homeownership among low-Income groups : a systematic review
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Year: 2013 Publisher: Oslo : Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services,

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Paramount in Norwegian housing policy is the idea that everyone has the right to safe, secure and adequate housing. A key tenet is that people should be able to own their own homes. Start-up Loan (Startlån) is one of many interventions in Norway to support homeownership among individuals and families in economic difficulty or special needs. There is a strong interest in similar interventions from other countries, such as "Right-to-Buy" in the United Kingdom, as evidenced in the Housing Commission Report "Room for everyone. A social housing policy for the future." Effect of interventions to improve access to homeownership1. Four studies examining the effect of interventions to improve access to home ownership met our inclusion criteria. 2. The included studies had low methodological quality and a high risk of bias. 3. One study showed a significant advantage for the intervention group after 4 years, but after 10 years this effect was no longer significant. 4. The quality of the evidence was assessed to be low or very low. 5. We are therefore uncertain whether these interventions increase homeownership among low-income households. Experiences of interventions to improve access to homeownership 1. Eleven studies examining the experiences of participants in interventions to improve access to homeownership met our inclusion criteria. 2. The included studies had low methodological quality. 3. We identified both positive and negative experiences related to the interventions.


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The welfare effects of slum improvement programs : the case of Mumbai
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Year: 2006 Publisher: [Washington, D.C. : World Bank,

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"The authors compare the welfare effects of in situ slum upgrading programs with programs that provide slum dwellers with better housing in a new location. Evaluating the welfare effects of slum upgrading and resettlement programs requires estimating models of residential location choice, in which households trade off commuting costs against the cost and attributes of the housing they consume, including neighborhood attributes. The authors accomplish this using data for 5,000 households in Mumbai, a city in which 40 percent of the population live in slums. The precise welfare effects of resettlement programs depend on assumptions made about the ease with which workers can change jobs and also on the ethnic characteristics of neighborhoods in which new housing is located. To illustrate this point the authors consider a realistic slum upgrading program that could be offered to residents in their sample living in east Mumbai. They summarize the effects of job opportunities and neighborhood composition on welfare by mapping how compensating variation for the program changes depending on where in Mumbai improved housing is located. If program beneficiaries continue working in their original job, the set of welfare-enhancing locations for the upgrading program is small. The set increases greatly if it is assumed that workers can change jobs. The benefits of this program are contrasted with the benefits of in situ housing improvements. "--World Bank web site.


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Armutsrisiko alleinerziehend : Die Bedeutung von sozialer Komposition und institutionellem Kontext in Deutschland
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Year: 2020 Publisher: Opladen : Budrich UniPress Ltd.,

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Das Buch untersucht die Ursachen für das hohe Armutsrisiko alleinerziehender Mütter in Deutschland. Es werden sowohl die Familien- und Erwerbsverläufe als auch der institutionelle Kontext betrachtet. In quantitativen Analysen werden der armutsverstärkende Effekt der sozialen Komposition und des Alleinerziehens identifiziert. Anhand eines Periodenvergleichs und eines Vergleichs mit UK wird der Einfluss des institutionellen Kontexts quantifiziert. Alleinerziehende gehören in Deutschland konstant zu den am meisten von Armut betroffenen Bevölkerungsgruppen: Während die Armutsrate der gesamten Bevölkerung im Jahr 2016 bei 16,5% und die von Paarhaushalten mit Kindern bei 'nur' 10% lag, waren doppelt bzw. dreimal so viele (32,5%) Alleinerziehende von Armut betroffen. 90% aller Alleinerziehenden sind Frauen. Obwohl das hohe Armutsausmaß alleinerziehender Mütter wissenschaftlich bestens dokumentiert ist, sind die Ursachen bisher wenig erforscht. Dieses Buch entwickelt anhand der Lebensverlaufsperspektive ein Theoriemodell, das sowohl die dynamischen Interdependenzen von Familien- und Erwerbsverläufen als auch den rahmenden Einfluss bestehender Familien- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik systematisch berücksichtigt. Es werden folgende Forschungsfragen beantwortet: Inwiefern ist dieses hohe Armutsrisiko das Ergebnis eines endogenen Selektionsprozesses ins Alleinerziehen oder des Alleinerziehens per se? Inwiefern trägt die Differenzierung von drei Wegen ins Alleinerziehen (Trennung einer Ehe, Trennung einer nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaft, außerpartnerschaftliche Kindesgeburt) zum Verständnis dieser Effekte bei? Inwiefern werden diese beiden Effekte vom bestehenden institutionellen Kontext moderiert? Diese Fragen wurden anhand von Daten des Sozio-Ökonomischen Panel (SOEP) mit verschiedenen quantitativen Methoden empirisch analysiert. Im Vergleich zu Frauen, die nicht alleinerziehend werden, weisen zukünftige Alleinerziehende bereits zwei Jahre vor dem Übergang ins Alleinerziehen ein sub.


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Pauvre et mal logé : les enjeux sociaux de l'habitat : comparaisons internationales
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ISBN: 2738407439 Year: 1990 Publisher: Paris : L'Harmattan,

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