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This book is a collection of papers that originated as a Special Issue, focused on some recent advances related to fiber Bragg grating-based sensors and systems. Conventionally, this book can be divided into three parts: intelligent systems, new types of sensors, and original interrogators. The intelligent systems presented include evaluation of strain transition properties between cast-in FBGs and cast aluminum during uniaxial straining, multi-point strain measurements on a containment vessel, damage detection methods based on long-gauge FBG for highway bridges, evaluation of a coupled sequential approach for rotorcraft landing simulation, wearable hand modules and real-time tracking algorithms for measuring finger joint angles of different hand sizes, and glaze icing detection of 110 kV composite insulators. New types of sensors are reflected in multi-addressed fiber Bragg structures for microwave–photonic sensor systems, its applications in load-sensing wheel hub bearings, and more complex influence in problems of generation of vortex optical beams based on chiral fiber-optic periodic structures. Original interrogators include research in optical designs with curved detectors for FBG interrogation monitors; demonstration of a filterless, multi-point, and temperature-independent FBG dynamical demodulator using pulse-width modulation; and dual wavelength differential detection of FBG sensors with a pulsed DFB laser.

Research & information: general --- Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) --- composite insulator with embedded FBGs --- glaze icing --- icing detection --- fiber Bragg grating strain sensor --- algorithm --- hand motion capture --- real-time tracking --- fiber Bragg gratings --- landing simulation --- rotorcraft --- coupled sequential method --- landing structural response --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- microwave-photonic sensor systems --- Fiber Bragg Gratings --- Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures --- Multi-Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures --- long-gauge FBG --- damage detection --- highway bridges --- vehicle–bridge interaction --- comparative study --- fiber Bragg grating --- fiber optic sensor --- dynamic chirp --- DFB laser --- chiral structures --- orbital angular momentum --- apodization --- chirp --- coupled modes theory --- FBG --- PWM --- engine --- high temperature --- ECU --- FBG demodulator --- fiber sensing --- high-speed interrogation --- dynamic strain --- microwave photonic sensor system --- numerical simulation --- addressed fiber Bragg structures --- load-sensing bearings --- vehicle dynamics control --- Fibre Bragg Gratings --- neutron diffraction --- X-ray tomography --- tensile test --- fiber Bragg grating sensors --- spectrograph --- high angular dispersion --- curved detectors --- freeform optics

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The evolution and need for the preservation and maintenance of existing structures, recent or historical, has fostered research in the area of structural monitoring, translated into the development of new techniques, equipment and sensors. Early detection of damage and accurate assessment of structural safety requires monitoring systems, the data from which can be used to calibrate numerical models for structural analysis and to assess safety. Data are obtained under real-time conditions, considering a group of parameters related to structural properties, such as stresses, accelerations, deformations and displacements. The analysis of structural properties is particularly relevant when the structure is subjected to extreme events (earthquakes, wind, fire and explosions, among others) or repeated loads (road/rail/air traffic, vibrations induced by equipment and machines), since they affect the structural integrity and put the users at risk. In order to prevent the severe damage and eventual collapse of structures, and consequent human, material and economic losses, the implementation of monitoring systems becomes a valuable tool for today's society. Monitoring of structures is becoming increasingly important, not only as preventive action, but also due to actual economic and sustainability concerns, to ensure a safer and more comfortable built environment.

History of engineering & technology --- image-based measurement --- crack measurement --- shear cracks --- flexural cracks --- damage index --- nuclear power plant --- visual inspection --- photometric stereo --- 3D reconstruction --- rotating stall --- non-synchronous blade vibration --- blade tip timing --- centrifugal compressor --- distributed measurements --- fiber optic sensors --- scour --- soil-structure interaction --- winkler model --- equivalent length --- corrosion sensor --- oil and gas pipelines --- optical fibers --- Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) --- distributed optical fiber strain sensing cable --- Brillouin scattering --- Rayleigh scattering --- strain sensing cable characterization --- elasto-plastic behavior --- strain sensitivity coefficients --- bridge damage detection --- fiber optic gyroscope --- deep learning --- convolutional neural network --- Fiber Bragg grating --- fiber optic sensors embedded in concrete --- strain measurement --- monitoring --- cracking --- weldable fiber optic sensors --- optical fiber sensors --- material extrusion --- hybrid processes --- temperature and strain monitoring --- similarity measure --- subway tunnel --- distributed vibration --- feature extraction --- autoencoder --- ultra-weak FBG --- hyperspectral imaging --- spectral indices --- random forest --- growth stage --- Fusarium head blight --- structural health monitoring --- load localization --- load estimation --- depth sensor --- artificial neural networks --- castigliano’s theorem --- crack detection --- crack opening --- distributed fiber optic sensors --- DIC --- UHPFRC --- testing --- SHM --- microcracking --- PAD --- environmental monitoring --- colorimetric detection --- water --- atmosphere

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This book focuses on new sensing technologies, measurement techniques, and their applications in medicine and healthcare. Specifically, the book briefly describes the potential of smart sensors in the aforementioned applications, collecting 24 articles selected and published in the Special Issue “Smart Sensors for Healthcare and Medical Applications”. We proposed this topic, being aware of the pivotal role that smart sensors can play in the improvement of healthcare services in both acute and chronic conditions as well as in prevention for a healthy life and active aging. The articles selected in this book cover a variety of topics related to the design, validation, and application of smart sensors to healthcare.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- radiation-induced current --- dosimetry --- photodiodes --- phototransistors (MOSFETs) --- photovoltaic sensor --- CCD/CMOS --- cancer nodules detection --- phantom --- stiffness analysis --- ultrasound analysis --- visual analysis --- automatic robotic platform --- remote support for pathologists --- gait analysis --- gait correction --- electrostatic gait signal --- improved Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis cross-correlation coefficient --- measuring system --- measurements --- contactless --- respiratory rate --- breathing pattern --- ECG electrode swaps --- ECG electrode potentials --- WCT potential change --- reconstructing correct ECG leads --- MSMinv transformation --- unicolor limb–chest electrodes --- torsional wave --- cervix --- pregnancy --- cervical stiffness --- fiber Bragg gratings --- smart textiles --- wearable systems --- cardiac monitoring --- respiratory monitoring --- precision sports --- archery --- body pressure distribution --- air-filled cell --- alternating pressure air mattress --- time of flight --- air flow --- active control system --- mobile EEG recordings --- montage-replaceable headsets --- BCI --- fiber Bragg grating --- plastic optical fiber --- non-invasive measurement --- pulse wave signals --- blood pressure --- partial least squares regression --- people counting --- bi-directional --- motion detection --- time of flight sensor --- force myography --- prosthetic fitting --- regression --- calibration --- error reduction --- linear regression --- random forest --- general regression neural network --- cross-talk --- force sensitive resistor --- MRI --- EMG --- graph theory --- electrical network --- muscle activity --- forearm --- COPD --- oxygen concentrator --- oxygen therapy --- automatic oxygen concentrator --- physical activity --- machine learning --- respiratory medicine --- portable oxygen concentrator --- oxygen delivery --- cerebral palsy --- game-based rehabilitation exercises --- computerized assessment methods --- motion tracking sensors --- Kinect sensor --- EEG --- PPG --- epilepsy --- signal processing --- brain monitoring --- artificial neural network --- predictive analysis --- dietary monitoring --- healthcare --- ring-type biosensor --- personalized digital medicine --- frailty syndrome --- sit-to-stand --- 30-s chair stand test --- wearable sensors --- fetal movement simulator --- fetal movement monitor --- maternal abdomen model --- acoustic sensor --- accelerometer --- piezoelectric diaphragm --- fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs) --- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) --- grasping actions detection --- motor assessment --- MR-compatible measuring systems --- abdominal movement signal --- hypopnea --- LSTM-RNN --- neural network --- oxygen saturation --- sleep apnea syndrome --- sleep–wake detection --- synchrosqueezing transform --- triaxial accelerometer --- thoracic movement signal --- multiple sclerosis --- kinematics --- surface EMG --- accelerator --- inertial sensor --- T10MW --- markerless motion capture --- automatic pushing analysis --- SCI patients --- RGB-D sensors --- respiration monitoring --- non-contact monitoring --- body movements detection --- thermal imaging --- natural sleep environments --- n/a --- unicolor limb-chest electrodes --- sleep-wake detection

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Optics and photonics are among the key technologies of the 21st century, and offer potential for novel applications in areas such as sensing and spectroscopy, analytics, monitoring, biomedical imaging/diagnostics, and optical communication technology. The high degree of control over light fields, together with the capabilities of modern processing and integration technology, enables new optical measurement systems with enhanced functionality and sensitivity. They are attractive for a range of applications that were previously inaccessible. This Special Issue aims to provide an overview of some of the most advanced application areas in optics and photonics and indicate the broad potential for the future.

Technology: general issues --- optical --- electric-field --- sensor --- measurement --- transient voltage --- AC power grid --- Pockels effect --- dermatoscopy --- skin screening --- biomedical imaging --- fiber optic sensor --- Sagnac loop --- intensity-modulated --- DWDM --- strain sensor --- structural health monitoring (SHM) --- functionalized carbon structure (FCS) --- carbon reinforced concrete (CRC) --- fiber optic sensor (FOS) --- optical glass fiber --- wavefront sensor --- spatial light modulator --- contour-sum method --- topological charge --- orbital angular momentum --- optical coherence tomography --- Monte Carlo simulation --- structural imaging --- functional sensing --- optical scatterometry --- inverse problem --- profile reconstruction --- dependence analysis --- data refinement --- electro-optic dual-comb interferometry --- laser Doppler velocimetry --- Traceability --- sub-nanosecond laser --- high peak power --- Nd:YVO4 --- stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) --- thermal fracture --- wireless NoC (WiNoC) --- graphene based WiNoCs (GWiNoCs) --- wireless nanosensor networks (WNSNs) --- surface plasmon polariton (SPP) --- GFET --- multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) --- graphennas --- THz transceiver --- Mode Division Multiplexing (MDM) --- Few-Mode Fiber (FMF) --- principle mode groups (PMG) --- Bragg grating (BG) --- multi-mode fiber bragg grating --- multi-parameter sensing --- DAS --- fiber optic sensing --- train tracking --- pattern recognition --- hybrid lens --- optical wireless communications --- Li-Fi --- freeform lens --- optic design --- rotary interfaces --- rotary joint --- wireless rotary electrical interface --- rotating electrical connectors --- full-duplex data transfer --- Gigabit-Ethernet --- industrial communications --- real-time --- pathogen detection --- microfluidics --- image processing --- computational algorithms --- integrated optics and photonics --- integrated polymer optics --- organic laser --- integration --- polymeric waveguide --- Lab-on-a-Chip --- fiber optical sensing --- biosensing --- optofluidics --- integrated optics and photoncis --- optical analytics --- medical imaging and diagnostics --- optical communication technology --- distributed sensing