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Mittelstädte haben eine besondere Relevanz für die Entwicklung von robusten, krisenfesten und nachhaltigen Raumstrukturen in Deutschland. Zugleich stehen sie vor fundamentalen Zukunftsaufgaben wie Klimawandel, demografischem Wandel und Strukturwandel - und zwar etwas anders als Großstädte. Die Beiträge zeigen, wie im Rahmen des Graduiertenkollegs »Mittelstadt als Mitmachstadt« Stadtforschung und Mittelstadtpraxis zusammenwirken, um gemeinsam Impulse für die Transformation kleiner Mittelstädte zu entwickeln. Besonderes Innovationspotenzial machen sie in der verbesserten Verknüpfung von Raum-, Governance- und Prozessgestaltung aus, an deren Schnittstellen sich neue Perspektiven für eine nachhaltige Zukunft eröffnen.

SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / Urban. --- Administration. --- City. --- Civil Society. --- Climate Change. --- Demographic Change. --- Local Government. --- Participation. --- Population. --- Space. --- Sustainability. --- Traffic. --- Transformation. --- Urban Planning. --- Urban Studies.

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Italy’s pension system was reformed in August 1995. The new system has various desirable long-run properties and, overall, it represents an improvement over earlier systems. However, it fails to address two longstanding problems: extremely high contribution rates, and a lack of provisions for dealing with the substantial deterioration in demographic ratios expected over the next 30-40 years.

Labor --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Pensions --- Population & demography --- Labour --- income economics --- Pension spending --- Aging --- Demographic change --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- Population aging --- Demographic transition --- Italy

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The World Economic Outlook, published twice a year in English, French, Spanish, and Arabic, presents IMF staff economists' analyses of global economic developments during the near and medium term. Chapters give an overview of the world economy; consider issues affecting industrial countries, developing countries, and economies in transition to market; and address topics of pressing current interest. Annexes, boxes, charts, and an extensive statistical appendix augment the text.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Real Estate --- Demography --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Demographic Economics: General --- Population & demography --- Property & real estate --- International economics --- Finance --- Housing prices --- Aging --- Population and demographics --- Emerging and frontier financial markets --- Demographic change --- Housing --- Prices --- Population aging --- Population --- Foreign exchange --- United States

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Across the EU, populations are shrinking and ageing. An increasing burden is being placed on a smaller working population to generate the taxes required for pensions and care costs. Welfare states are weakening in many countries and across Europe, households are being increasingly expected to plan for their retirement and future care needs within this risky environment. At the same time, the proportion of people buying their own home in most countries has risen, so that some two-thirds of European households now own their homes.  Housing equity now considerably exceeds total European GDP. This book discusses questions like: to what extent might home ownership provide a potential cure for some of the consequences of ageing populations by realizing housing equity in order to meet the consumption needs of older people? What does this mean for patterns of inheritance and longer-term inequalities across Europe? And to what extent are governments banking on their citizens utilising their housing wealth now and in the future?

Affirmative action programs. --- Corporate culture. --- Demographic change. --- Home ownership --- Business & Economics --- Demography --- Real Estate, Housing & Land Use --- Population aging --- Aging of population --- Aging population --- Aging society --- Demographic aging --- Graying (Demography) --- Greying (Demography) --- Ownership of homes --- Social sciences. --- Geography. --- Population. --- Demography. --- Social Sciences. --- Geography, general. --- Population Economics. --- Age distribution (Demography) --- Housing --- Real estate business --- House buying --- Human population --- Human populations --- Population growth --- Populations, Human --- Economics --- Human ecology --- Sociology --- Malthusianism --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history

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Significant aging is projected for many high-saving emerging economies of East and Southeast Asia. By 2025, the share of the elderly in their populations will at least double in most of these countries. The share of the young will fall. Aging populations could adversely affect saving rates in these economies, particularly after 2025. For the world, one may observe that, initially, the Asian Tigers could become increasingly important for world savings, reflecting their increased weight in the world economy, their high saving and growth rates, and the aging of the industrial countries. After 2025, the aging of the Tigers may reinforce the tendency toward a declining world saving rate.

Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- Intertemporal Consumer Choice --- Life Cycle Models and Saving --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Demographic Economics: General --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Population & demography --- Private savings --- Aging --- Population and demographics --- Public sector savings --- Demographic change --- National accounts --- Saving and investment --- Population aging --- Population --- Demographic transition --- China, People's Republic of