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The Special Issue “Refrigeration Systems and Applications” aims to encourage researchers to address the concerns associated with climate change and the sustainability of artificial cold production systems, and to further the transition to the more sustainable technologies and methodologies of tomorrow through theoretical, experimental, and review research on the different applications of refrigeration and associated topics.

artificial neural network --- P-? indicator diagram --- r1234ze(e) --- experimental --- ethylene-glycol nanofluids --- HFO --- magneto-caloric effect --- thermodynamic analysis --- HVAC --- refrigerant reclamation --- domestic refrigeration system --- distillation --- R-410A --- energy efficiency --- energy consumption --- LiCl-H2O --- acetoxy silicone rubber --- exergy analysis --- two-phase ejector --- modelling --- Cu nanofluids --- off-design behaviors --- eddy currents --- heat transfer --- phase change material --- r1234yf --- superheating --- irreversibility --- gadolinium --- CFD --- artificial neural network (ANN) --- CO2 --- chiller energy consumption --- vapor compression system --- thermal energy storage --- heat pump --- nanofluids --- thermodynamic performance --- transiting exergy --- caloric cooling --- solid-state cooling --- LiBr-H2O --- parasitic heat load --- hydraulic turbine --- calculation model --- magnetic refrigeration --- coefficient of performance --- transcritical system --- magnetocaloric effect --- LaFe13 ? x ? yCoxSiy --- twin-screw refrigeration compressor --- absorption refrigeration system --- thermal load --- ejector refrigeration technology --- barocaloric

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The ongoing digitalization of the energy sector, which will make a large amount of data available, should not be viewed as a passive ICT application for energy technology or a threat to thermodynamics and fluid dynamics, in the light of the competition triggered by data mining and machine learning techniques. These new technologies must be posed on solid bases for the representation of energy systems and fluid machinery. Therefore, mathematical modelling is still relevant and its importance cannot be underestimated. The aim of this Special Issue was to collect contributions about mathematical modelling of energy systems and fluid machinery in order to build and consolidate the base of this knowledge.

Technology: general issues --- centrifugal pump --- double hidden layer --- Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm --- performance prediction --- thermal energy storage --- stratification --- dynamic simulation --- heating --- double-channel sewage pump --- critical wall roughness --- numerical calculation --- external characteristics --- axial-flow pump --- impeller --- approximation model --- optimization design --- multi-disciplinary --- blade slot --- orthogonal test --- numerical simulation --- Francis turbine --- anti-cavity fins --- draft tube --- vortex rope --- low flow rates --- internal flow characteristics --- unsteady pressure --- energy recovery --- turboexpander --- throttling valves --- CFD --- modelling techniques --- Kaplan turbine --- draft tube optimization --- CFD analysis --- DOE --- response surface --- single-channel pump --- CFD-DEM coupling method --- particle features and behaviors --- solid-liquid two-phase flows --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- artificial neural network (ANN) --- subcooled boiling flows --- uncertainty quantification (UQ) --- Monte Carlo dropout --- deep ensemble --- deep neural network (DNN) --- intake structures --- physical hydraulic model --- free surface flow --- free surface vortices --- vertical pump --- design considerations --- magnetocaloric effect --- coefficient of performance --- refrigeration --- capacity --- mathematical modelling --- energy systems

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Preface Several countries have recently realized that the present paradigm of development in environmental and energy fields is unsustainable. As global awareness of environmental issues grows, governments worldwide are promoting policies which aim to limit the harmful effects of human development on the environment. In particular, these novel policies seek to address the rapid increase of the global temperature (especially in the polar regions) as well as to manage human plastic waste accumulating in seas. To resolve these issues will require a number of actions to be implemented; unfortunately, the recent COP 24 Conference was unsuccessful in establishing a global agreement to achieve these actions. In order for the upcoming 2020 COP 26 Conference to be successful in creating such an agreement, the scientific community must support the policymakers’ efforts. Within this framework, it is necessary to show the efforts of countries worldwide as they try to negotiate an agreement to increase the energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, the research reports generated can provide quantitative measures of the necessary actions to be implemented in order to address sustainable and efficient energy use. Among other topics, the papers presented in this issue investigate innovations in novel efficient and environmentally friendly technologies mainly based on renewable energy sources. The study also highlights the different sectors involved in this task, such as energy conversion systems, urban areas, mobility, sustainability, water management, social aspects, etc. In this field, the Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) conference provides the foremost forum for discussion on these topics. The 13th Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems Conference was held in Palermo, Italy in 2018. This Special Issue of Energies, precisely dedicated to 13th SDEWES Conference, features papers in three main topics: Energy policy and energy efficiency in urban areas, energy efficiency in industry, biomass and other miscellaneous energy systems.

Research & information: general --- sewage sludge --- torrefaction --- steam gasification --- tars --- water recycling --- wastewater treatment --- environmental and energy performance --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- crude oil refining --- high-efficiency cogeneration --- primary energy saving --- electricity from cogeneration --- paper industry --- GateCycle --- CO2 emissions avoided --- sinter --- porous media --- local thermal non-equilibrium --- exergy destruction minimization --- BP neural network --- genetic algorithm --- urban simulation --- photovoltaics --- heat pump --- co-generation --- heat demand analysis --- low-temperature district heating --- district cooling --- energy storage --- linear programming --- tropical climate --- integrated energy modelling --- energy system optimization --- temporal resolution --- energy planning --- variable renewable energy sources --- Discrete Element Model --- gas–solid flow --- heat transfer enhancement --- entransy dissipation --- numerical simulation --- optimization --- control strategy --- peak-shaving --- mCHP --- Stirling engine --- renewable energy --- energy consumption profile --- heavy truck traffic --- road transport --- liquefied natural gas (LNG) --- alternative fuels --- hydrogen --- hydrogen pipelines --- hydrogen transmission --- pipeline transmission --- pressure drop --- pinch analysis --- heat exchanger network (HEN) design --- plus-minus principle --- supply temperature --- disturbances --- maximum energy recovery --- bypass --- economic evaluation --- two-phase flow regime --- airlift pump --- void fraction --- image analysis --- efficiency optimization --- energy microgrids --- energy system integration --- smart building clusters --- hybrid renewable systems --- heat pumps --- district heating --- cogeneration --- natural gas --- natural gas regulation station --- turboexpander --- pressure regulator --- energy recovery --- energy conversion --- energy system analysis --- flue gas heat recovery --- exergy --- coefficient of performance --- thermoelectric generator --- organic rankine cycle --- district energy systems --- anaerobic digestion and composting --- circular economy --- energy return on investment --- hydrogen bioenergy --- food waste hierarchy --- biofuel --- CI engine --- combustion --- emission --- greenhouse gas --- jatropha biodiesel --- nanoparticle --- performance --- Covenant of Mayors --- indirect emission allocation --- local energy generation --- geoenergetics --- ground source heat pumps --- borehole heat exchangers --- thermal response test --- borehole thermal energy storage --- bioelectricity --- carbon capture --- negative emissions --- sugarcane --- biomass --- climate change --- wave energy converters --- Power Take Off --- EP4 --- latching --- wave flume --- floating --- moorings --- renewable electricity generation systems --- SDEWES 2018 --- chicken manure --- proximate and ultimate analysis --- energy potential --- sustainable smart city --- mathematical optimisation --- urban design --- bilevel modelling --- location theory --- traffic assignment --- infrastructure expansion --- building location --- sustainable development --- energy efficiency in industry