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Aide au développement économique régional --- Entrepreneuriat --- Petites et moyennes entreprises --- Diversification (Économie politique) --- Canada. --- Canada (Ouest) --- Conditions économiques --- Diversification in industry --- Industrial diversification --- Product diversification --- Input-output analysis --- Barriers to entry (Industrial organization) --- Multiproduct firms --- Diversification in industry. --- Western Canada.

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The economy of the Philippines is open to trade and capital inflows, and has grown rapidly since 2002. Over the last 10 years, however, domestic investment, while stagnant in real terms, has shrunk as a share of GDP. In an open and growing economy, why the decline? Three reasons explain the puzzle. First, the public sector cannot afford expanding its investment at GDP growth rates. Second, the capital-intensive private sector does not find it convenient to raise investment at the economy's pace. Third, fast-growing businesses in the service sector do not need to rapidly increase investment to enjoy rising profits. Yet, the economy keeps growing. On the demand-side, massive labor migration results in remittances that fuel consumption-led-growth. On the supply-side, free from rent-capturing regulations, a few non-capital-intensive manufactures and services boost exports. The economic system is in equilibrium at a low level of capital stock, where all economic agents have no incentive to unilaterally increase investment and the first mover bears short-term costs. As a consequence, growth is slower and less inclusive than it could be. To make it speedier and more sustainable, and to reduce unemployment and poverty, the economy needs to move to a "high-capital-stock" equilibrium. This would be attainable through better-performing eco-zones, a competitive exchange rate, greater government revenues, and fewer elite-capturing regulations.

Access to Finance --- Agriculture --- Barriers to Entry --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory and Research --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Equilibrium --- Exports --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- GDP --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Marginal Product --- Political Economy --- Unemployment --- Wages

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The decision to diversify lies at the core of corporate strategy and constitutes one of top management’s most important choices. Yet despite its importance and prominence within academic research, diversification remains subject to ongoing debate. Matthias Knecht introduces a new perspective on corporate diversification that extends the academic discussion and reveals substantial new insights. The author introduces the dynamism of industries as a dominant force in the environment that influences the diversified corporation on multiple levels. Due to similarities of businesses competing in similarly dynamic environments, synergistic benefits and superior economic performance can be realized through the combination of dynamic-related businesses in the corporate portfolio. This study provides a multidimensional operationalization of industry dynamism and an in-depth assessment of the dynamism of a wide range of industries. At the core of the study Knecht investigates the performance impact of dynamic-related diversification strategies. The results provide new insights into successful corporate portfolio construction in the face of today’s dynamic environments.     Contents n  Corporate Diversification Strategies n  Measurement of Industry Dynamism n  Impact of Dynamism on the Multi-business Firm  Target Groups ●          Scholars and students from the strategic management and finance disciplines ●          Corporate top managers interested in the performance effects of corporate        diversification strategies   About the Author Dr. Matthias Knecht obtained his doctorate degree at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg. He works as a strategy consultant.  .

Business. --- Conglomerate corporations. --- Strategic planning. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Marketing & Sales --- Economic Theory --- Diversification in industry. --- Chaebols --- Conglomerate mergers --- Conglomerates (Corporations) --- Corporations, Conglomerate --- Keiretsu --- Mergers, Conglomerate --- Industrial diversification --- Product diversification --- Industrial organization. --- Economics. --- Industrial Organization. --- Consolidation and merger of corporations --- Corporations --- Industrial concentration --- Competition --- Input-output analysis --- Barriers to entry (Industrial organization) --- Multiproduct firms --- Industries --- Organization --- Industrial management --- Industrial sociology

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This study considers the role of export diversification in determining trade outcomes during the global financial crisis. The impact of export diversification (or concentration) is measured by assessing three different dimensions of specialization. First, concentration by geographic destination is considered; that is, whether the bulk of exports from a country go to many or few trading partners. Second, industry/sectoral concentration is considered; that is, whether a country’s exports are scattered across many industries and sectors, or concentrated in just a few. Third, product concentration is considered; that is, whether countries produce many products within their export sectors or just a few. The workhorse gravity trade model is adapted with trade diversification as an additional trade cost, and the model solution is empirically tested on a dataset containing over 500 thousand observations for Latin America. Industry and product concentration are found to significantly affect the resilience of Latin American countries’ trade during the global financial crisis - increasing the diversity of both export sectors and export products within sectors by one standard deviation reduces the quarterly decline in exports by approximately 4.7 percent. Diversifying exports across many different trading partners is not found to significantly affect outcomes.

Diversification in industry. --- Industrial diversification --- Product diversification --- Input-output analysis --- Barriers to entry (Industrial organization) --- Multiproduct firms --- Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Trade: General --- Commodity Markets --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- International economics --- Investment & securities --- Exports --- Export diversification --- Plurilateral trade --- Commodity prices --- Commodities --- International trade --- Prices --- Commercial products --- Brazil

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The literature on the relationship between economic diversification and development has grown rapidly in recent years, partly due to the surprising finding that diversification rises with gross domestic product per capita up to a certain point. Export diversification along the extensive margin is inextricable from the introduction of new export products. The authors test the hypothesis that the threat of imitation inhibits the introduction of new exports - export discoveries - under the assumption that the intensive and extensive margins of exports are correlated within broad country-industry groups. Econometric evidence from panel-data techniques that are appropriate for count data (the number of discoveries) suggests that discoveries within countries and industries rise with the growth of exports along the intensive margin (relative to the growth of non-export gross domestic product) but the magnitude of this partial correlation increases with domestic barriers to entry and with customs delays in exporting. However, the magnification effect of barriers to entry appears to be less significant as a determinant of total within-country export discoveries. This is consistent with inter-industry and within-country spillovers related to export discoveries, implying that barriers to entry enhance the effect of export growth on discoveries within country-industries but total discoveries might be unaffected by barriers to entry.

Barriers to entry --- Comparative advantage --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Export growth --- Exports --- Future research --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Gross domestic product --- Gross domestic product per capita --- Growth policy --- Growth rate --- Income levels --- Industrialization --- International trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Net exports --- Patents --- Private Sector Development --- Production costs --- Profitability --- Regression analysis --- Structural change --- Transport --- Water Resources --- Water Resources Assessment