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Snow --- Ice --- Avalanches --- Security measures --- Research.

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Avalanches. --- Snow mechanics. --- Skis and skiing --- Safety measures.

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Para comprender lo sucedido en la región de Atacama con los aluviones del 2015, se requiere ir más allá del mes de marzo y del contexto regional. Los estudios que se presentan en este libro articulan la situación actual con la precedente, para configurar la complejidad del fenómeno y sus impactos a partir de las señales entregadas por la historia. Tanto la sociedad como la naturaleza han manifestado sus desacoples y sus ajustes, por lo que el conocimiento científico que hemos generado busca también en ellos las explicaciones de lo ocurrido en la actualidad. Así, el análisis de las antiguas y nuevas amenazas se propone en este libro como la llave del conocimiento del riesgo al que se enfrenta la región, con la intención de retratar en el presente también el registro del pasado que lo conforma. Es esta profundidad la que nos permite pensar la experiencia del desastre como una oportunidad de reconocernos colectivamente en sus características, evitando repetir los mismos errores y reinventar las mismas soluciones.

Mudslides --- Debris avalanches --- Natural disasters --- Social aspects --- Desastres Naturales --- Prevención --- Resiliencia --- Intervención --- Interdisciplina --- Políticas Públicas

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This thesis represents one of the few studies so far that systematically analyses environmental conditions within debris flow source areas to determine their relative importance for debris flow development. Environmental site conditions, such as slope gradient and debris availability, influence the spatial and temporal distribution of debris flows in high-alpine areas. However, current understanding of these preconditioning controls is mostly qualitative and inadequate for debris-flow hazard assessments and climate change impact studies. The author's research investigates the role of frost weathering and permafrost in the occurrence of debris flows in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Analyses are based on an extensive debris flow inventory, documenting debris flow occurrence and activity over the last 60 years in selected catchments. Debris flow activity is compared to frost-weathering intensity estimates from two models, allowing the practical comparison of two competing frost-weathering hypotheses currently discussed in literature. Information on permafrost occurrence is based on a new distributed permafrost estimate for the Southern Alps, derived from climatic conditions at active rock glacier sites. This pioneering thesis provides empirical evidence that frost weathering promotes debris-flow formation. It further highlights the potential and limitations of regional-scale studies for advancing our understanding of debris-flow preconditioning factors.

Earth sciences. --- Natural disasters. --- Geomorphology. --- Earth Sciences. --- Natural Hazards. --- Debris avalanches. --- Debris avalanches --- Periglacial processes --- Paraglacial processes --- Avalanches, Debris --- Debris flows --- Flows, Debris --- Geomorphology --- Glacial landforms --- Landslides --- Geology. --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Geomorphic geology --- Physiography --- Physical geography --- Landforms --- Natural calamities --- Disasters

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Avalanches cause the highest number of fatalities in the Alps, threatening many areas and facilities, as well as transport and communications infrastructure. An integral part of avalanche protection is risk communication and warning, which is within the domain of the avalanche service of the Slovenian Environmental Agency. As part of the ‘Crossrisk Project’, the ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute has prepared a ‘Snow Field Manual’ which will allow for the standardised collection of field data on snow, snow cover and avalanches. This data forms the basis for determining the current avalanche hazard level. The ‘Snow Card’ supplement, which is an integral part of the manual, contains a condensed view of the most important contents and also includes two forms (there are a total of 14 forms in the manual) for entering the snow cover cross-section data. It also includes instructions for preparing and performing cross-sections of snow cover and avalanche tests. All information is provided along with a clear explanation key. Finally, a description of typical avalanche problems and types of avalanche hazards follows. The full applicability of the Snow Field Manual and the Snow Card is achieved by entering the digital data of the cross-section and the avalanche test into the appropriate web application. Snežni plazovi so naravna nesreča, ki v Alpah povzroči največ smrtnih žrtev, ogroža pa tudi številne površine in objekte ter prometno in komunikacijsko infrastrukturo. Sestavni del varstva in zaščite pred snežnimi plazovi je tudi obveščanje in opozarjanje, ki je v domeni lavinske službe, v Sloveniji Agencije Republike Slovenije za okolje. Na Geografskem inštitutu Antona Melika ZRC SAZU smo v okviru projekta Crossrisk pripravili priročnik bo omogočil standardizirano zbiranje terenskih podatkov o snegu, snežni odeji in plazovih, ki so temelj za določitev stopnje nevarnosti proženja snežnih plazov. V priročniku, katerega sestavni del je tudi snežna kartica - na njej sta poleg zgoščenega prikaza najnujnejših vsebin tudi dva obrazca (v priročniku 14) za vnos podatkov o prerezu - so navodila za pripravo in izvedbo prereza snežne odeje ter preizkusa plazovitosti. Pri vseh podatkih je naveden ključ za njihov vnos. Na koncu sledi opis značilnih plazovnih problemov oziroma tipov plazovne nevarnosti. Polno uporabnost snežnega priročnika in kartice dosežemo z e vpisom podatkov o prerezu in preizkusu plazovitosti na ustrezen spletni naslov, na katerem so obrazci v digitalni obliki.

Mountains --- Hydrology & the hydrosphere --- avalanche hazard tests --- snow avalanches --- snow cover profile --- manuals --- preizkus plazovitosti --- prerez snežne odeje --- priročniki --- snežni plazovi