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How black Americans use digital networks to organize and cultivate solidarityUnrest gripped Ferguson, Missouri, after Mike Brown, an unarmed black teenager, was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson in August 2014. Many black Americans turned to their digital and social media networks to circulate information, cultivate solidarity, and organize during that tumultuous moment. While Ferguson and the subsequent protests made black digital networks visible to mainstream media, these networks did not coalesce overnight. They were built and maintained over years through common, everyday use.Beyond Hashtags explores these everyday practices and their relationship to larger social issues through an in-depth analysis of a trans-platform network of black American digital and social media users and content creators. In the crucial years leading up to the emergence of the Movement for Black Lives, black Americans used digital networks not only to cope with day-to-day experiences of racism, but also as an incubator for the debates that have since exploded onto the national stage. Beyond Hashtags tells the story of an influential subsection of these networks, an assemblage of podcasting, independent media, Instagram, Vine, Facebook, and the network of Twitter users that has come to be known as "Black Twitter." Florini looks at how black Americans use these technologies often simultaneously to create a space to reassert their racial identities, forge community, organize politically, and create alternative media representations and news sources. Beyond Hashtags demonstrates how much insight marginalized users have into technology.

African American mass media. --- African Americans and mass media. --- Race in mass media. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Black Studies (Global). --- 2016 US presidential election. --- Black Lives Matter. --- Black Twitter. --- Black cultural production. --- Black enclaves. --- Black innovation. --- Black social spaces. --- Ferguson. --- Martin Luther King Jr. --- Mike Brown. --- This Week in Blackness. --- Trayvon Martin. --- Zimmerman. --- affordances. --- alternative media production. --- anti-Black racism. --- citizen journalism. --- collective grieving. --- colorblindness. --- counterpublics. --- digital technology. --- historical narrative. --- independent media production. --- mainstream legacy media. --- media narratives. --- monetization. --- neoliberal. --- neoliberalism. --- oscillating networked publics. --- podcasts. --- police brutality. --- political engagement. --- political establishment. --- racial discourse. --- racial landscape. --- racial oppression. --- social justice. --- solidarity. --- transplatform. --- white supremacy.

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The story of Christine Jorgensen, Americas first prominent transsexual, famously narrated trans embodiment in the postwar era. Her celebrity, however, has obscured other mid-century trans narratives-- ones lived by African Americans such as Lucy Hicks Anderson and James McHarris. Their erasure from trans history masks the profound ways race has figured prominently in the construction and representation of transgender subjects. C. Riley Snorton identifies multiple intersections between blackness and transness from the mid-nineteenth century to present-day anti-black and anti-trans legislation and violence. Drawing on a deep and varied archive of materials--early sexological texts, fugitive slave narratives, Afro-modernist literature, sensationalist journalism, Hollywood films-- Snorton attends to how slavery and the production of racialized gender provided the foundations for an understanding of gender as mutable. In tracing the twinned genealogies of blackness and transness, Snorton follows multiple trajectories, from the medical experiments conducted on enslaved black women by J. Marion Sims, the father of American gynecology, to the negation of blackness that makes transnormativity possible. Revealing instances of personal sovereignty among blacks living in the antebellum North that were mapped in terms of cross-dressing and canonical black literary works that express black mens access to the female within, he concludes with a reading of the fate of Phillip DeVine, who was murdered alongside Brandon Teena in 1993-- a fact omitted from the film Boys Don't Cry out of narrative convenience.

Transgender people --- African American transgender people --- Racism against Black people --- African Americans --- Gender identity --- Transgender Persons --- Racism --- Gender Identity --- Sexual and Gender Minorities --- Bisexuals --- GLBT Persons --- GLBTQ Persons --- Gender Minorities --- Homosexuals --- LBG Persons --- LGBT Persons --- LGBTQ Persons --- Lesbians --- Lesbigay Persons --- Men Who Have Sex With Men --- Non-Heterosexual Persons --- Non-Heterosexuals --- Queers --- Sexual Dissidents --- Sexual Minorities --- Women Who Have Sex With Women --- Gays --- Bisexual --- Dissident, Sexual --- Dissidents, Sexual --- GLBT Person --- GLBTQ Person --- Gay --- Gender Minority --- Homosexual --- LBG Person --- LGBT Person --- LGBTQ Person --- Lesbian --- Lesbigay Person --- Minorities, Gender --- Minorities, Sexual --- Minority, Gender --- Minority, Sexual --- Non Heterosexual Persons --- Non Heterosexuals --- Non-Heterosexual --- Non-Heterosexual Person --- Person, GLBT --- Person, GLBTQ --- Person, LBG --- Person, LGBT --- Person, LGBTQ --- Person, Lesbigay --- Person, Non-Heterosexual --- Persons, GLBT --- Persons, GLBTQ --- Persons, LBG --- Persons, LGBT --- Persons, LGBTQ --- Persons, Lesbigay --- Queer --- Sexual Dissident --- Sexual Minority --- Bisexuality --- Homosexuality --- Homosexuality, Male --- Homosexuality, Female --- Gender --- Gender Identities --- Identity, Gender --- Covert Racism --- Racial Bias --- Racial Discrimination --- Racial Prejudice --- Everyday Racism --- Bias, Racial --- Discrimination, Racial --- Discriminations, Racial --- Prejudice, Racial --- Prejudices, Racial --- Racial Discriminations --- Racial Prejudices --- Racism, Covert --- Racism, Everyday --- Apartheid --- African-Americans --- African American --- African-American --- Afro-American --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Afro American --- Afro Americans --- American, African --- American, Black --- Americans, Black --- Black American --- Transexuals --- Transgenders --- Transsexual Persons --- Two-Spirit Persons --- Transgendered Persons --- Person, Transgender --- Person, Transgendered --- Person, Transsexual --- Person, Two-Spirit --- Persons, Transgender --- Persons, Transgendered --- Persons, Transsexual --- Persons, Two-Spirit --- Transexual --- Transgender --- Transgender Person --- Transgendered Person --- Transsexual Person --- Two Spirit Persons --- Two-Spirit Person --- Disorders of Sex Development --- Transsexualism --- Health Services for Transgender Persons --- Sex identity (Gender identity) --- Sexual identity (Gender identity) --- Identity (Psychology) --- Sex (Psychology) --- Queer theory --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Black people --- Anti-Black racism --- Antiblack racism --- Racism against Blacks --- Persons --- Transgender people, African American --- Identity --- African American transgender people. --- Identity. --- Antiracism --- Negro --- Blacks --- Gender dysphoria