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In the present volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology well known experts describe the actions of different xanthines with a focus on caffeine and theophylline. A special chapter is devoted to theobromine, an active component of chocolate, the actions of which are less well characterized. This book also presents the pharmacology of one xanthine derivative, propentofylline, as an example of a xanthine that has gone through extensive development for a novel therapeutic area.

Methylxanthines -- Therapeutic use. --- Methylxanthines. --- Methylxanthines --- Alkaloids --- Purinones --- Purines --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Xanthines --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Medicine. --- Neurochemistry. --- Pharmacology. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Methyl groups --- Xanthine --- Toxicology. --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Composition --- Toxicology --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Pathology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect

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Phenolic compounds are an extremely diverse class of ubiquitous secondary metabolites produced by a variety of organisms playing different biological roles. They have numerous types of demonstrated bioactivities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, immunomodulator, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic activities. Marine organisms produce a vast collection of unique phenolic structures, some of them not found in terrestrial habitats. Progress in different aspects is rapidly advancing, and this Special Issue will provide updated information and recent studies on marine phenolics. Specially, this issue is focused on their chemical characterization, elucidation of their structures, evaluation of their biological properties and mechanisms of action, efficient extraction and purification technologies, development of value-added applications, as well as formulation of novel products.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- ultrasound assisted extraction --- conventional extraction --- polyphenols --- phlorotannin --- macroalgae --- antioxidant capacity --- seaweeds --- antioxidant potential --- LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS --- HPLC-PDA --- seaweed polyphenols --- hypoglycemic effect --- starch digestion --- enzyme inhibition --- cochayuyo --- seaweed polyphenolics --- polyphenolics extractions --- phlorotannins --- bromophenols --- flavonoids --- phenolic terpenoids --- polyphenolics bioactivities --- marine phenolics --- emerging technologies --- extraction --- Ascophyllum --- seaweed --- health benefits --- isomers --- LC-MSn --- diversity --- phenolics --- simple phenolics --- seawater --- algae --- seagrass --- biological activity --- brown seaweeds --- microwave-assisted extraction --- response surface methodology --- antioxidant --- antiradical activity --- xanthine oxidase --- α-glucosidase

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The year 2019 has been prolific in terms of new evidence regarding the effects of coffee and caffeine consumption on diverse aspects of human functioning. This book collects 20 high-quality manuscripts published in Nutrients that include original investigation or systematic review studies of the effects of caffeine intake on human performance and health. The diversity of the articles published in this Special Issue highlights the extent of the effects of coffee and caffeine on human functioning, while underpinning the positive nature of most of these effects. This book will help with understanding why the natural sources of caffeine are so widely present in the nutrition behaviors of modern society.

NAT --- n/a --- supplementation --- EEG–EMG coherence --- muscle function --- tea --- fatigue --- ergogenic --- adrenal gland --- skeletal muscle --- xanthine oxidase --- placebo --- CMJ --- efficiency --- colorectal cancer --- rat --- pregnancy --- coffee/caffeine --- Wingate --- 1RM test --- supplement --- actigraphy --- athletic --- systematic review and meta-analysis --- women --- consumption motives --- resistance training --- cancer prevention --- sport supplement --- exercise --- DOMS --- placebo effect --- sprint performance --- power --- behavior --- belief --- health --- perceptions --- exercise performance --- ergogenic aid --- electromyography --- ergogenic effect --- corticosterone --- metabolome --- mood state --- muscle contraction --- strength --- energy drink --- repetition --- responders --- perception --- anaerobic --- CYP450 --- puberty --- energy drinks --- isokinetic testing --- individual responses --- phenotyping --- nutrition --- time under tension --- menstrual cycle --- exercise training --- RPE --- ergogenic substances --- upper limb --- elite athlete --- recovery --- speed --- epidemiology --- caffeine --- sex-difference --- bench press --- pharmacokinetics --- sport performance --- ergogenic aids --- expectancy --- consumer --- football --- newborn --- velocity --- metabolites --- performance --- coffee --- prospective studies --- resistance exercise --- sport --- EEG-EMG coherence

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is still associated with high morbidity and mortality incidence rates, and also bears an elevated risk of subsequent chronic kidney disease. Although the kidney has a remarkable capacity for regeneration after injury and may recover completely depending on the type of renal lesions, the options for clinical intervention are restricted to fluid management and extracorporeal kidney support. The development of novel therapies to prevent AKI, to improve renal regeneration capacity after AKI, and to preserve renal function is urgently needed. The Special Issue covers research articles that investigated the molecular mechanisms of inflammation and injury during different renal pathologies, renal regeneration, diagnostics using new biomarkers, and the effects of different stimuli like medication or bacterial components on isolated renal cells or in vivo models. The Special Issue contains important reviews that consider the current knowledge of cell death and regeneration, inflammation, and the molecular mechanisms of kidney diseases. In addition, the potential of cell-based therapy approaches that use mesenchymal stromal/stem cells or their derivates is summarized. This edition is complemented by reviews that deal with the current data situation on other specific topics like diabetes and diabetic nephropathy or new therapeutic targets.

microRNAs --- n/a --- transcription --- ischemia/reperfusion injury --- DSS-colitis --- kidney inflammation --- therapeutics targets --- CXCL13 --- glomerulus --- interleukin-6 --- rhabdomyolysis --- IgA nephropathy --- CREB Regulated Transcriptional Coactivators (CRTC) --- slit diaphragm --- injury --- xanthine oxidase --- Salt Inducible Kinase (SIK) --- acute and chronic kidney disease --- therapeutic target --- KIT-IgA score --- G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) --- lysophosphatidic acid --- glomerular injury --- IL-18 --- mesenchymal stem cells --- Taiwan --- acute kidney injury --- renal ischemia-reperfusion --- long non-coding RNA --- fibrosis --- acute kidney failure --- diabetic kidney diseases --- chronic kidney disease --- lncRNA --- LPS-binding protein --- endotoxemia-induced oliguric kidney injury --- dapagliflozin --- cPLA2 and COX-2 --- NLRP3 inflammasome --- CmklR1 --- haem --- chronic kidney injury --- omega-3 fatty acid --- noninvasive --- inflammation --- regulated necrosis --- GLP-1 receptor agonists --- miRNA --- AKI --- SGLT2 inhibitors --- diabetic kidney disease --- extracellular vesicles --- podocin --- type IV collagen --- epithelial cells --- nephrin --- 2-kidney-1-clip --- renal fibrosis --- papilla --- diagnostics --- necrosis --- non-coding RNAs --- podocyte --- Thy1.1 nephritis --- KIT assay --- oxidative stress --- conditioned medium --- C-reactive protein --- pericyte --- myofibroblast --- Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-?B) --- endotoxemia --- modifier gene --- polymorphism --- renal stem cells --- kidney --- polyploidization --- Class IIa Histone Deacetylases (HDAC) --- 2k1c --- molecular signaling --- proximal tubule --- arachidonic acid --- empagliflozin --- tubular injury --- signaling cascade --- signal transduction --- inflammatory maker --- niches --- biomarkers --- renal progenitors --- type V collagen --- cyclooxygenase --- focal segmental glomerulosclerosis --- inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) --- chronic kidney disease (CKD) --- allograft rejection --- renovascular hypertension --- genotype --- molecular mechanisms --- ROS --- prediction --- glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) --- alport syndrome --- scattered tubular cells --- long non-coding RNAs --- renal inflammation --- lysophosphatidic acid receptor --- cAMP Regulatory Element Binding Protein (CREB) --- Farnesiferol B --- differentiation --- mesenchymal stromal cells --- modified-MSCs --- kidney transplantation --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- apoptosis --- type I collagen --- diabetes mellitus --- natural products --- lipoxygenase --- stem cell --- T cell-mediated rejection --- exosomes --- renal injury --- obese kidney fibrosis --- kidney injury --- cytotoxicity --- mesenchymal stem cell --- pigment nephropathy --- mesodermal stem cell --- ischemia-reperfusion --- cytochrome P450 --- renal cell carcinoma --- hematuria --- B-cell attracting chemokine --- microRNA --- chemerin --- glomerular basement membrane --- glomerular damage --- renal tubular cells --- kidney proximal tubule --- exosome --- hypertension --- diabetic nephropathy

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“Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenolic Plant Extracts” is a collection of scientific articles regarding polyphenols, that is, substances occurring naturally in plants and exhibiting many beneficial effects on human health. Among polyphenols’ interesting biological properties, their antioxidant activity is considered the most important. This book brings together experts from different research fields on topics related to polyphenols, such as their isolation and purification, assessment of their antioxidant activity, prevention from oxidative stress-induced diseases and use as food additives. The polyphenols used in the present studies are derived from a great variety of plants, ranging from well-known species to rare ones that are only found in specific regions. Moreover, some of the studies provide evidence that polyphenols may be used for the prevention and treatment of common diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimers’ disease, cardiovascular and intestinal diseases. Importantly, in several of the studies “green extraction methods” for the isolation of polyphenols were developed using modern technologies, where few or no organic solvents were used, in order to minimize environmental and health impacts.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- green leafy vegetables --- effect of cooking --- polyphenols --- antioxidant activity --- Averrhoa bilimbi --- Oxalidaceae --- DPPH --- xanthine oxidase --- LC-QTOF-MS/MS --- molecular docking --- tentative bioactive constituents --- Dialium indum --- exocarp --- seed --- antioxidant --- phenolic acids --- amino acids --- GC-MS analysis --- AGN --- FIR --- phenolic --- flavonoid --- antioxidant capacity --- antimicrobial activity --- polyphenol compounds --- bixin --- rosemary extracts --- method validation --- HPLC --- food matrices --- fruit vinegar --- phenolics --- organic acid --- Ladastacho --- characterisation --- properties --- HPLC/ESI-MS --- HS-SPME/GC-MS --- beneficial use --- antimicrobial --- hydroxytyrosol --- rosemary --- pomegranate --- fish --- volatile compounds --- Rosa canina --- Rosa sempervivens --- Pyrocantha coccinea --- antioxidants --- endothelial cells --- glutathione --- almond skins --- bioavailability --- waste by-products --- flavonoids --- oxidative stress --- human --- reactive oxygen species --- proinflammatory cytokines --- Alzheimer’s disease --- cornelian cherry --- anthocyanins --- gastrointestinal digestion --- Opuntia ficus-indica cladode --- antibiofilm activity --- olive --- Olea europaea --- anthocyanin --- cyanidin 3-glucoside --- cyanidin 3-rutinoside --- oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) --- high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). --- tea --- Camellia sinensis --- polyphenol --- catechin --- caffeine --- theaflavine --- insulin resistance --- diabetes --- olive oil --- phenols --- antidiabetic --- myrtle --- ultrasound-assisted extraction --- phenolic compounds --- liquid chromatography analysis --- mass spectrometry --- mulberry (Morus nigra --- Morus alba) --- simple sugars --- organic acids --- phenol compounds --- high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector/mass spectrometry anthocyanins --- anti-inflammatory activity --- extraction --- central composite design --- optimization --- P. officinalis --- phytochemicals --- cytotoxicity --- α-amylase inhibition --- red-osier dogwood --- antioxidative effect --- H2O2 --- transepithelial resistance (TEER) --- Caco-2 cells --- Rubus idaeus L. --- HPLC-ESI-HR-qTOF-MS/MS --- antioxidant activities --- digestive enzymes inhibitors --- molecular docking analysis --- olive mill wastewater --- encapsulation --- maltodextrin --- whey protein --- gelatin --- spray drying --- diabetes mellitus --- Lamiaceae --- alpha-glucosidase --- alpha-amylase --- Salvia africana-lutea --- terpenoids --- cape floristic region --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease --- Disaster Bay / Green Cape (NSW Far S Coast SJ55-08)