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Using a cross-section of more than 40,000 manufacturing and services firms in 79 developing countries from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys Database, this paper assesses how firm location determines the likelihood and extent of exporting in developing countries. Descriptive statistics confirm higher export participation (but not intensity) for firms in core versus non-core regions, despite the finding that firms in the core assess many aspects of the investment climate more negatively. Results from a probit model show that, in addition to firm-specific characteristics, both regional investment climate and agglomeration factors have a significant impact on export participation. Specifically, customs clearance and electricity quality matter for export participation for manufacturing firms. Although localization economies and export spillovers are associated with increased exporting, the opposite is found for urbanization economies for both manufacturing and services firms. The analysis finds that firm-level determinants of exporting matter more for firms located in non-core regions, while regional determinants and agglomeration economies play a larger role in core regions. The findings point to the presence of congestion costs in the core, and suggest that policy interventions to target export participation are likely to have a greater impact if they are focused on core regions over non-core regions, where firm-specific factors predominate. Moreover, the importance of export spillovers and localization economies highlights the potential value of efforts to remove barriers to natural agglomeration both in core and non-core regions, for example through investments in infrastructure, the provision of social services, and regional integration arrangements.

Agglomeration --- Banks & Banking Reform --- E-Business --- Export --- International Economics & Trade --- Localization --- Location --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Microfinance --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Participation in Infrastructure --- Regional Economic Development --- Spillovers --- Urbanization

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Zoonoses --- Zoonose --- Épidémiologie --- Epidemiology --- Thérapeutique --- therapy --- Zoonoses. --- 619 --- Zoonotic Diseases --- Zoonotic Infections --- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases --- Disease, Zoonotic --- Disease, Zoonotic Infectious --- Diseases, Zoonotic --- Diseases, Zoonotic Infectious --- Infection, Zoonotic --- Infections, Zoonotic --- Infectious Disease, Zoonotic --- Infectious Diseases, Zoonotic --- Zoonotic Disease --- Zoonotic Infection --- Zoonotic Infectious Disease --- Disease Reservoirs --- Public Health --- Communicable Diseases, Emerging --- Zoonotic Spillover --- Spillovers, Zoonotic --- Zoonotic Spillovers --- Maladies infectieuses --- Maladie animale --- Transmissibilite a l'homme

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Our study uses administrative data on firm-to-firm transactions and quasi- experimental variation in the rollout of electronic invoicing reforms in Peru to study the diffusion of e-invoicing through firm networks and its effect on tax compliance. We find that voluntary e-invoicing adoption is higher amongst firms with partners who are mandated to adopt e-invoicing, implying positive technology adoption spillovers. Spillovers are stronger from downstream partners and from export-oriented firms. Firms are less likely to continue transacting with a partner who has been mandated into e-invoicing, with the effect only partially reversed if both firms adopt e-invoicing, suggesting that network segmentation may occur. Smaller firms who transact with partners mandated into e-invoicing report 11 percent more sales and pay 17 more VAT in the year that their partner is mandated to adopt e-invoicing, suggesting positive spillovers in tax compliance behavior for this subset of firms.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Taxation --- Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Tax Evasion and Avoidance --- Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Transactional Relationships --- Contracts and Reputation --- Networks --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Externalities --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Public finance & taxation --- Technology --- general issues --- Value-added tax --- Taxes --- Tax return filing compliance --- Revenue administration --- Spillovers --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Positive spillovers --- Tax spillovers --- Tax policy --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Spendings tax --- Tax administration and procedure --- International finance --- General issues

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The East African Community (EAC) countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Rwanda) have been affected by the global financial crisis and global recession. The fall in global demand and inflows and tighter liquidity conditions abroad affected the countries in this region as elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. But how hard have countries in the EAC been hit? Have the spillovers from the global crisis affected countries in the region as much as other countries in the sub-Saharan region? Have the transmission channels or magnitudes of the spillovers been different across EAC countries? How can these countries return quickly to a path of sustained high growth? What is the role for policy? Would acceleration of regional integration and policy coordination help achieve this goal? Would it make the region less susceptible to shocks? This paper focus on the EAC countries and attempts to address these questions.

Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Fiscal Policy --- Trade: General --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Externalities --- International economics --- Exports --- Fiscal stimulus --- Oil prices --- Fiscal stance --- Spillovers --- International trade --- Fiscal policy --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- International finance --- Kenya

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Using firm-level data for Jordan, the paper estimates the extent to which growth spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to local firms stem from persistent learning externalities (i.e., they endure even after foreign investment leaves as knowledge has been transferred to local firms) or from transitory effects (e.g., demand increases that evaporate following isinvestment). The paper find that spillovers have a significant transitory nature, with employment and capital growth declining when FDI falls, particularly in downstream industries supplied by locals. This suggests that if FDI-attracting policies are intended to promote sustainable growth, it may be more effective to attract and retain FDI via long-term structural policies, for instance, through low corporate tax rates rather than temporary tax holidays or through policies that strengthen the domestic absorptive capacity and linkages between foreign and local firms.

Economic Theory and Research. --- Emerging Markets. --- FDI. --- Foreign Direct Investment. --- International Economics and Trade. --- Investment and Investment Climate. --- Labor Policies. --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth. --- Private Sector Development. --- Social Protections and Labor. --- Spillovers.