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Crystal structure analysis from powder diffraction data has attracted considerable and ever growing interest in the last decades. X-ray powder diffraction is best known for phase analysis (Hanawalt files) dating back to the 30s. In the late 60s the inherent potential of powder diffraction for crystallographic problems was realized and scientists developed methods for using powder diffraction data at first only for the refinement of crystal structures. With the development of ever growing computer power profile fitting and pattern decomposition allowed to extract individual intensities from overlapping diffraction peaks opening the way to many other applications, especially to ab initio structure determination. Powder diffraction today is used in X-ray and neutron diffraction, where it is a powerful method in neutron diffraction for the determination of magnetic structures. In the last decade the interest has dramatically improved. There is hardly any field of crystallography where the Rietveld, or full pattern method has not been tried with quantitative phase analysis the most important recent application.
Rietveld method. --- X-rays --- Diffraction. --- Diffraction --- PFSR (X-ray crystallography) --- Profile refinement (X-ray crystallography) --- Rietveld analysis --- Rietveld refinement --- Whole-pattern-fitting structure refinement (X-ray crystallography) --- X-ray crystallography --- Technique --- Mineralogy. --- Crystallography. --- Chemistry, inorganic. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Crystallography and Scattering Methods. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Inorganic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Inorganic compounds --- Leptology --- Physical sciences --- Mineralogy --- Physical geology --- Crystallography --- Minerals --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Physical chemistry. --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry
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The Rietveld method is a powerful and relatively new method for extracting detailed crystal structural information from X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data. Since such structural details dictate much of the physical and chemical attributes of materials, knowledge of them is crucial to our understanding of those properties and our ability to manipulate them. Since most materials of technological interest are not available as single crystals but often are available only in polycrystalline or powder form, the Rietveld method has become very important and is now widely used in all branches of science that deal with materials at the atomic level. This book, a collaboration by many authorities in the field, is intended primarily to have tutorial and advisory value for those who already have some experience with this important method, but an introductory chapter enables the book to be used as a first text for researchers starting in this area of science. The audience is thus comprised of all scientists using the method: graduate students who may be starting research in this area, powder diffraction specialists, crystallographers, physicists, chemists, and materials scientists.
Rietveld method --- X-rays --- -PFSR (X-ray crystallography) --- Profile refinement (X-ray crystallography) --- Rietveld analysis --- Rietveld refinement --- Whole-pattern-fitting structure refinement (X-ray crystallography) --- Rays, Roentgen --- Roentgen rays --- Roentgenograms --- Diffraction --- -Data processing --- Rietveld method. --- X-ray crystallography --- Electromagnetic waves --- Ionizing radiation --- Radiation --- Cathode rays --- Radiography --- Vacuum-tubes --- Technique --- PFSR (X-ray crystallography) --- Diffraction&delete& --- Data processing --- fysicochemie --- Chemical and physical cristallography --- Data processing. --- Monograph --- -Rays, Roentgen --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- X-rays - Diffraction - Data processing. --- -Diffraction --- Crystal structure --- X-ray diffraction
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Fuel cells are expected to play a relevant role in the transition towards a sustainable-energy-driven world. Although this type of electrochemical system was discovered a long time ago, only in recent years has global energy awareness, together with newly developed materials and available technologies, made such key advances in relation to fuel cell potential and its deployment. It is now unquestionable that fuel cells are recognized, alongside their possibility to work in the reverse mode, as the hub of the new energy deal. Now the questions are, why are they not yet ready to be used, despite the strong economic support given from the society? What prevents them from being entered into the hydrogen energy scenario in which renewable sources will provide energy when it is not readily available? How much are researchers involved in this urgent step towards change? This book gives a clear answer, engaging with some of the open issues that explain the delay of fuel cell deployment and, at the same time, it opens a window that shows how wide and attractive the opportunities offered by this technology are. Papers collected here are not only specialist-oriented but also offer a clear landscape to curious readers and show how challenging the road to the future is.
Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- polymer electrolyte fuel cell --- cyclic current profile --- transient behavior --- pressure drop --- Ohmic resistance --- solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) --- ionic conductivity --- Raman spectroscopy --- powder X-ray diffraction --- microbial fuel cell --- low-cost ceramics --- separator --- membrane --- porosity --- pore size --- water absorption --- mercury intrusion --- raman spectroscopy --- powder x-ray diffraction --- doped ceria --- solid oxides fuel cells --- Sm-doped ceria --- high pressure X-ray powder diffraction --- diamond anvil cell --- equation of state --- Rietveld refinement --- SOFC --- reliability --- contamination --- salt --- oxygen starvation --- concentration polarization --- fuel cell application --- microfluidic fuel cell --- power supply --- soft drinks --- hydrogen production --- alkaline water electrolysis --- two-phases flow --- CFD --- two-phase process --- BSCF --- SOEC --- rSOC --- anodic overpotential --- impedance spectroscopy --- sealants --- glass-ceramic --- joining --- CH4 internal reforming --- solid oxide fuel cell --- 2D local control --- cell design optimization --- active site degradation --- tape casting process --- open circuit voltage --- activation energy --- power density --- IT-SOFC --- PEM fuel cell --- useful water --- hydrogen consumption scenarios --- modified fuel utilization
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This book is a collection of the research articles and review article, published in special issue "Structural, Magnetic, Dielectric, Electrical, Optical and Thermal Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Application".
Technology: general issues --- α-Fe2O3 --- photocatalytic activity --- dielectric properties --- similarity solution --- triple solutions --- stability analysis --- shooting method --- three-stage Lobatto III-A formula --- hybrid nanofluid --- slender body revolution --- porous media --- radiation effect --- mixed convection --- nanocrystalline cellulose --- graphene quantum dots --- thin film --- optical --- sensing --- glucose --- surface plasmon resonance --- Au-ZnO/C2H6O2 --- heat transfer --- rotating systems --- analytical solution --- sparking process --- surface energy --- nanoparticle nucleation --- vapor deposition --- beryllium oxide --- lithium Niobate --- SAW devices --- ellipsometry --- error analysis --- spectroscopy --- high-accuracy measurement --- optical metrology --- dielectric constants --- time-dependent flow --- entropy generation --- non-linear radiation --- γ-alumina nanoparticle --- MHD --- transition metal phosphorus sulfide --- van der Waals layered material --- 2D material --- low dimensional magnetism --- magnetic chains --- crystal growth --- chemical vapor transport --- powder X-ray diffraction --- rietveld refinement --- metamaterials --- electronic materials --- electromagnetic --- Fano resonances --- SQUID --- Ag@Au nanoparticle --- core–shell structure --- sea-urchin-like structure --- SERS --- fentanyl
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Demand for advanced X-ray scattering techniques has increased tremendously in recent years with the development of new functional materials. These characterizations have a huge impact on evaluating the microstructure and structure–property relation in functional materials. Thanks to its non-destructive character and adaptability to various environments, the X-ray is a powerful tool, being irreplaceable for novel in situ and operando studies. This book is dedicated to the latest advances in X-ray diffraction using both synchrotron radiation as well as laboratory sources for analyzing the microstructure and morphology in a broad range (organic, inorganic, hybrid, etc.) of functional materials.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- lead-free ceramic --- sol–gel process --- barium zirconate titanate --- dielectric property --- conjugated polymer and blends --- in situ GIXD --- additive --- structure --- strain --- X-ray diffraction --- piezoelectric properties --- lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) --- zeolite-W --- cation form --- synchrotron X-ray diffraction --- Rietveld refinement --- high-pressure --- smectite --- bulk moduli --- anhydrous and hydrous environments --- synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction --- pressure-transmitting media --- metallic composites --- Ni --- Ni-W alloys --- silver-exchanged natrolite --- pressure-induced insertion --- high energy-density materials --- high pressure and temperature --- Raman spectroscopy --- ammonium azide --- polynitrogen compounds --- superalloys --- low-angle boundaries --- X-ray topography --- turbine blades --- crystal growth --- nano-perovskite (CaTiO3) --- Young’s modulus --- ultrasonic-pulse echo --- planar density --- residual stress --- laser cavitation peening --- pulse laser --- wedge-shaped amphiphile --- double gyroid phase --- grazing-incidence X-ray scattering --- environmental atomic force microscopy --- vapor annealing --- Williamson-Hall (W-H) --- uniform stress deformation model (USDM) --- hydroxyapatite --- ultrasonic pulse-echo --- thermoplastic polyurethane ureas --- shape memory materials --- synchrotron SAXS/WAXS --- polymer deformation --- lamellar morphology --- poly-ε-caprolactone --- poly(1,4-butylene adipate)
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