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This monograph studies the architectural history of ancient public toilets, called foricae. Using comparative data and historical, archaeological and literary sources, this comprehensive analysis of foricae offers a deeper understanding of their origin in the Hellenistic period. It also examines their diffusion in the ancient Roman world through advances in hydraulic technology and building techniques. Foricae became characteristic features of many Roman cities, playing an important civic and hygienic role. The study of their features reveals various plans, of which the peristyle is undoubtedly the most original. The independent and freestanding peristyle forica of Kos (Greece) is the most opulent example, and the exhaustive survey of the peristyle foricae of the Hadrianic Baths of Lepcis Magna (Libya) and of Gortyn (Crete-Greece) prove the importance of this typology in the history of functional architecture in the Roman Empire.
Architecture, Roman --- Public toilets --- Sanitary engineering --- Sanitation --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Greece --- Libya --- Antiquities. --- History --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Roman architecture --- Comfort stations, Public --- Conveniences, Public (Public toilets) --- Johns (Toilet facilities) --- Lavatories (Toilet facilities) --- Loos (Toilet facilities) --- Public comfort stations --- Public conveniences (Public toilets) --- Toilet facilities --- Public buildings --- Toilets --- Engineering, Sanitary --- Environmental health engineering --- Engineering --- Buildings --- Environmental engineering
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Les latrines romaines ont, dans notre imaginaire collectif, une place particulière. Les vestiges bien conservés des villes d’Afrique du Nord ou d’Asie Mineure laissent en effet entrevoir une époque pendant laquelle la pudeur telle qu’on la conçoit actuellement n’existait pas, où le Romain n’hésitait pas à satisfaire ses besoins naturels devant son contemporain. Les chercheurs ont focalisé leur attention principalement sur la belle architecture, les grands bâtiments pouvant accueillir parfois plusieurs dizaines de personnes. Ces constructions ne forment pourtant qu’une minorité des latrines antiques. Le développement de l’archéologie permet désormais d’appréhender les aménagements les plus modestes et les plus fréquents, dont les simples fosses, cuvelées ou non, creusées dans le sol. En prenant en compte tous les types de structures d’une région bien déterminée de l’Empire romain — les provinces gauloises, germaniques et alpines —, cet ouvrage donne un aperçu, le plus complet possible, des lieux d’aisance et de leur utilisation. C’est une image différente de celle généralement admise qui apparait alors. Les aménagements sont, la plupart du temps, simples et répondent à la stricte utilité. Les belles latrines sont rares et n’apparaissent que tardivement. Un certain nombre de dispositions permettent d’isoler ces lieux de l’extérieur ; les latrines apparaissent comme un monde clos, refermé sur lui-même. Parallèlement aux constructions, pour la première fois, ce sont les structures mobiles qui sont considérées, tant sur le plan littéraire qu’archéologique : la matella, l’urinoir masculin, le scaphium, l’urinoir féminin, le lasanum, le pot de chambre, mais également l’amphore qui, en remploi, sert a récupérer l’urine pour les activités artisanales. La gestion des latrines au quotidien, leur financement, leur entretien sont étudiés. La circulation de l’eau usée, utilisée pour évacuer les déjections dans les égouts, est décrite tout comme celle de l’eau propre, servant…
Public toilets --- Restrooms --- Outhouses --- Chamber pots --- Roman provinces --- Toilettes publiques --- Toilettes --- Latrines --- Pots de chambre --- Provinces romaines --- Provinces. --- Antiquities. --- Provinces --- Antiquités --- Gaul --- Gaule --- Antiquités --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Toilet Facilities --- Roman World --- Archaeology --- Archeology --- Bioarchaeology --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Jordans --- Pots, Chamber --- Urinals (Vessels) --- Containers --- House furnishings --- Backhouses --- Out-houses --- Privies --- Toilet facilities --- Outbuildings --- Toilets --- Vault toilets --- Comfort stations, Public --- Conveniences, Public (Public toilets) --- Johns (Toilet facilities) --- Lavatories (Toilet facilities) --- Loos (Toilet facilities) --- Public comfort stations --- Public conveniences (Public toilets) --- Public buildings --- Antiquities --- history --- Gallia --- Roman archaeology --- latrine --- archéologie --- histoire de l'hygiène --- Empire romain
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Les latrines collectives sont un des symboles de la ville antique. Pour la première fois, tous les lieux d’aisance d’une agglomération de la Méditerranée orientale, Délos, dans les Cyclades, sont pris en compte. Une équipe pluridisciplinaire a étudié, durant presque une décennie, ces espaces indispensables. Ils ont pu reconstituer précisément leur architecture, mais également une partie de la consommation de la population, de son état sanitaire et de son environnement. C’est une vision différente de la ville qui se dégage, une ville de crasse, d’excréments et de parasites, une ville dans laquelle l’hygiène et la salubrité n’étaient affaire que de privés et pas encore des autorités publiques
Toilettes publiques --- Hygiène --- Fèces --- Grèce --- Public toilets --- Hygiene --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Delos Island (Greece) --- Antiquities. --- Dhílos Island (Greece : Delos Island) --- Mikrá Dhílos (Greece) --- Nísos Dhílos (Greece) --- Cyclades (Greece) --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Archaeology --- Body care --- Cleanliness --- Human body --- Personal body care --- Personal cleanliness --- Personal hygiene --- Medicine, Preventive --- Health --- Sanitation --- Comfort stations, Public --- Conveniences, Public (Public toilets) --- Johns (Toilet facilities) --- Lavatories (Toilet facilities) --- Loos (Toilet facilities) --- Public comfort stations --- Public conveniences (Public toilets) --- Toilet facilities --- Public buildings --- Toilets --- Care and hygiene --- Architecture, Greek --- Fish remains (Archaeology)
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Today’s debates about transgender inclusion and public restrooms may seem unmistakably contemporary, but they have a surprisingly long and storied history in the United States—one that concerns more than mere “potty politics.” Alexander K. Davis takes readers behind the scenes of two hundred years’ worth of conflicts over the existence, separation, and equity of gendered public restrooms, documenting at each step how bathrooms have been entangled with bigger cultural matters: the importance of the public good, the reach of institutional inclusion, the nature of gender difference, and, above all, the myriad privileges of social status. Chronicling the debut of nineteenth-century “comfort stations,” twentieth-century mandates requiring equal-but-separate men’s and women’s rooms, and twenty-first-century uproar over laws like North Carolina’s “bathroom bill,” Davis reveals how public restrooms are far from marginal or unimportant social spaces. Instead, they are—and always have been—consequential sites in which ideology, institutions, and inequality collide.
Sex role --- Restrooms --- Public toilets --- Social aspects --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Social policy and particular groups --- United States --- Comfort stations, Public --- Conveniences, Public (Public toilets) --- Johns (Toilet facilities) --- Lavatories (Toilet facilities) --- Loos (Toilet facilities) --- Public comfort stations --- Public conveniences (Public toilets) --- Toilet facilities --- Public buildings --- Toilets --- Rest rooms --- Washrooms --- Rooms --- bathroom bill. --- bathrooms. --- civil rights. --- comfort stations. --- discrimination. --- gender and sexuality. --- gender difference. --- gender norms. --- gender studies. --- gender. --- gendered restrooms. --- history. --- human rights. --- hygiene. --- inclusion. --- lgbt studies. --- mens restroom. --- modern gender. --- nonfiction. --- north carolina. --- politics. --- privacy. --- public health. --- public restrooms. --- race. --- restrooms. --- social issues. --- social science. --- social spaces. --- social status. --- trans rights. --- transgender. --- womens restroom. --- womens studies. --- Gender identity --- Transgender people --- Sex role - United States --- Restrooms - Social aspects - United States --- Public toilets - Social aspects - United States --- United States of America
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