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The rising trend in the global energy demand poses new challenges to humankind. The energy and mechanical engineering sectors are called to develop new and more environmentally friendly solutions to harvest residual energy from primary production processes. The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is an emerging energy system for power production and waste heat recovery. In the near future, this technology can play an increasing role within the energy generation sectors and can help achieve the carbon footprint reduction targets of many industrial processes and human activities. This Special Issue focuses on selected research and application cases of ORC-based waste heat recovery solutions. Topics included in this publication cover the following aspects: performance modeling and optimization of ORC systems based on pure and zeotropic mixture working fluids; applications of waste heat recovery via ORC to gas turbines and reciprocating engines; optimal sizing and operation of ORC under combined heat and power and district heating application; the potential of ORC on board ships and related issues; life cycle analysis for biomass application; ORC integration with supercritical CO2 cycle; and the proper design of the main ORC components, including fluid dynamics issues. The current state of the art is considered and some cutting-edge ORC technology research activities are examined in this book.

History of engineering & technology --- organic Rankine cycle system --- zeotropic mixture --- heat exchanger --- low grade heat --- thermodynamic optimization --- method comparison --- micro-ORC --- gear pump --- CFD --- mesh morphing --- pressure pulsation --- cavitation --- dynamic analysis --- energy analysis --- exergy analysis --- organic Rankine cycle --- waste heat recovery --- natural gas engine --- scroll --- opensource CFD --- OpenFOAM --- CoolFOAM --- WOM --- positive displacement machine --- expander --- ORC --- ORC integration technologies --- advanced thermodynamic cycles --- decentralised energy systems --- benzene --- toluene --- cyclopentane --- internal combustion engine --- cogeneration --- district heating --- low sulfur fuels --- regression model --- predictive model --- ship --- techno-economic feasibility --- machinery system optimization --- life cycle assessment --- biomass --- CHP --- carbon footprint of energy production --- Brayton --- environmental impact --- exergy --- life cycle analysis --- performance parameters

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The world’s energy demand is still growing, partly due to the rising population, partly to increasing personal needs. This growing demand has to be met without increasing (or preferably, by decreasing) the environmental impact. One of the ways to do so is the use of existing low-temperature heat sources for producing electricity, such as using power plants based on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) . In ORC power plants, instead of the traditional steam, the vapor of organic materials (with low boiling points) is used to turn heat to work and subsequently to electricity. These units are usually less efficient than steam-based plants; therefore, they should be optimized to be technically and economically feasible. The selection of working fluid for a given heat source is crucial; a particular working fluid might be suitable to harvest energy from a 90 ℃ geothermal well but would show disappointing performance for well with a 80 ℃ head temperature. The ORC working fluid for a given heat source is usually selected from a handful of existing fluids by trial-and-error methods; in this collection, we demonstrate a more systematic method based on physical and chemical criteria.

History of engineering & technology --- adiabatic expansion --- isentropic expansion --- T-s diagram --- working fluid classification --- optimization --- single-screw expander --- vapor–liquid two-phase expansion --- thermal efficiency --- net work output --- heat exchange load of condenser --- cis-butene --- HFO-1234ze(E) --- ORC working fluids --- temperature–entropy saturation curve --- saturation properties --- wet and dry fluids --- ideal-gas heat capacity --- Rankine cycle --- ORC --- biomass --- fluid mixtures --- hydrocarbons --- working fluid --- selection method --- volumetric expander --- thermodynamic analysis --- wet zeotropic mixture --- single screw expander --- organic Rankine cycle --- R441A --- R436B --- R432A --- T–s diagram --- molecular degree of freedom

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In recent years, the scientific community’s interest towards efficient energy conversion systems has significantly increased. One of the reasons is certainly related to the change in the temperature of the planet, which appears to have increased by 0.76 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and this trend has not yet been stopped. The European Union considers it vital to prevent global warming from exceeding 2 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, since this phenomenon has been proven to result in irreversible and potentially catastrophic changes. These climate changes are mainly caused by the emissions of greenhouse gasses related to human activities, and can be drastically reduced by employing energy systems, for both heating and cooling of buildings and for power production, characterized by high efficiency levels and/or based on renewable energy sources. This Special Issue, published in the journal Energies, includes 12 contributions from across the world, including a wide range of applications, such as HT-PEMFC, district heating systems, a thermoelectric generator for industrial waste, artificial ground freezing, nanofluids, and others.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- Thermosyphon --- start-up characteristics --- hydrophilic and hydrophobic --- contact angle --- numerical modeling --- heat transfer --- artificial ground freezing --- underground station --- metro in Napoli --- GEO heating --- microwave heating --- microfluidics --- silicon --- chip integration --- industrial waste heat recovery --- thermoelectric generator --- hexagonal heat exchanger --- temperature distribution --- output performance --- combustor --- turbulent Prandtl approaches --- Navier–Stokes simulation --- thermal analysis --- axial permanent magnet coupling (APMC) --- eddy current --- finite element method (FEM) --- lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) --- energy efficiency --- induction heating --- resistance heating --- turnouts --- railway --- safety of rail traffic --- stock-rail --- switch-rail --- nanofluid --- entropy generation --- viscous dissipation --- magnetic heating --- high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- thermal management --- organic rankine cycle --- plate heat exchanger --- waste heat recovery --- cooling system --- thermodynamic modeling --- shielded metal arc welding --- welding spatter --- electrode --- electrical power --- welding time --- drying --- energy analysis --- exergy analysis --- multiphase model --- multispecies model --- thermodynamics --- Baltic Sea Region --- district heating --- DH network --- smart asset management --- smart grid

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The book presents a series of articles devoted to modeling, simulation, and optimization of processes, mainly chemical. General methods for process modeling and numerical simulation are described with flowsheeting. Population balances are addressed in detail with application to crystal production; energy saving is frequently optimized, including exergy analysis. The coupling between process simulation and computational fluid dynamics is studied for air classification and bubble columns. Pressure swing adsorption, reactive distillation, and nanofiltration are explained in general and applied to particular processes. The synthesis of carbon dots is solved by the design of experiments method. A safety study addresses the consequences of gas explosion.

History of engineering & technology --- volume-based population balance model with fines dissolution --- quadrature method of moments --- orthogonal polynomials --- population balance equation --- dynamic flowsheet simulation --- transformation matrix --- process modelling --- agglomeration --- milling --- solids --- multidimensional distributed parameters --- nanofiltration --- total volume membrane charge density --- modeling DSPM model --- ceramic membrane --- ionic strength --- heavy oil reservoir --- in-situ combustion --- oil recovery --- numerical simulation --- pressure swing adsorption (PSA) --- carbon molecular sieve (CMS) --- adsorption --- nitrogen --- nitrogen generator --- tapioca --- response surface methodology --- artificial neural network --- carbon dots --- hydrothermal --- photoluminescence --- organic --- butyric anhydride --- single reactive distillation column --- internal material circulation --- dynamic control --- modeling --- optimization --- ultrafiltration --- membrane module --- cross-flow --- protein solution --- combination system --- flame acceleration simulator (FLACS) --- pipe length --- ignition position --- fault diagnosis --- distillation --- inverse problem --- parameter estimation --- turbo air classifier --- process parameters --- particle trajectory --- relative classification sharpness index --- ammonia production --- numerical modelling --- steam methane reforming --- simulation --- Formox Perstorp --- formalin --- fixed catalytic bed reactor --- silver catalyst --- metal oxide catalyst --- exergy --- advanced exergy analysis --- organic Rankine cycle --- regenerative cycle --- reactive distillation --- steady state simulation --- Inside–Out method --- CFD --- bubble plume --- oscillation and offset characteristic --- bubble --- gas–liquid flow --- process steam drive --- software linking --- heat pump --- propane–propylene separation --- steam network --- pressure and heat losses --- energy efficiency --- n/a --- co-processing --- bio-oil --- vacuum gas oil --- LCA --- Eco-indicator 99 --- FCC --- Inside-Out method --- gas-liquid flow --- propane-propylene separation

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This book offers a collection of 30 scientific papers which address the problems associated with the use of power electronic converters in renewable energy source-based systems. Relevant problems associated with the use of power electronic converters to integrate renewable energy systems to the power grid are presented. Some of the covered topics relate to the integration of photovoltaic and wind energy generators into the rest of the system, and to the use of energy storage to mitigate power fluctuations, which are a characteristic of renewable energy systems. The book provides a good overview of the abovementioned topics.

n/a --- washout filter --- turbine and generator --- unbalanced power grid --- PV --- transient dynamics --- multi-input single output (MISO) --- permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) --- static frequency characteristics --- impedance analysis --- FACTS devices --- coordinated control --- improved additional frequency control --- experiment --- resonant controller --- two-stage photovoltaic power --- voltage cancellation --- energy --- power matching --- LCL filter --- adaptive-MPPT (maximum power point tracking) --- VSC --- active power filter --- perturb and observe --- coordination control --- voltage-type control --- multiple VSGs --- wind power prediction --- linear quadratic regulator --- multiport converter (MPC) --- grid support function --- power ripple elimination --- adaptive resonant controller --- phase space reconstruction --- sliding mode control --- impedance emulation --- photovoltaic systems --- grid-connected converter --- SVM --- photovoltaic generators --- power grid --- active front-end converter --- THD --- type-4 wind turbine --- inertia --- ROCOF --- microgrid --- coupled oscillators --- multilevel power converter --- DC-AC power converters --- internal model --- back-to-back converter --- duty-ratio constraints --- selective harmonic mitigation --- parallel inverters --- discontinuous conduction mode --- droop control --- step size --- grid-connected --- inverter --- short-circuit fault --- energy router --- oscillation mitigation --- improved-VSG (virtual synchronous generator) --- source and load impedance --- synchronverter --- digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320F28335 --- operation optimization --- battery-energy storage --- generator speed control --- electrical power generation --- virtual impedance --- weak grid --- doubly-fed induction generator --- grid synchronization --- Energy Internet --- open circuit voltage --- state-of-charge balancing --- renewable power system --- control strategies --- adaptive notch filter (ANF) --- renewable energy --- hardware in the loop (HIL) --- energy storage --- microgrids --- inertia and damping characteristics --- electric vehicle --- multi-energy complementary --- static compensator --- stability --- battery energy storage system --- power-hardware-in- the-loop --- electricity price --- notch filter --- time series --- distorted grid --- oscillation suppression --- phase-locked loop (PLL) --- modules --- organic Rankine cycle --- failure zone --- Opal-RT Technologies® --- distributed generation --- modular multilevel converter --- governor --- microgrid (MG) --- second-life battery --- thermoelectric generator --- stability analysis --- wind energy system --- variable coefficient regulation --- single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) --- error --- soft switching --- power electronics --- PLL --- SPWM --- virtual synchronous generator --- perturbation frequency --- phase shifted --- grid-connected inverter --- cloud computing --- low inertia --- boost converter --- impedance reshaping --- small-signal and transient stability --- speed control --- multivariate linear regression --- photovoltaic --- adaptive control --- frequency regulation --- variable power tracking control --- power converters --- maximum power point tracking --- virtual admittance --- synchronization --- peak-current-mode control --- dynamic modeling --- discontinuous operation mode --- demand response