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petroleum --- geology --- tectonics --- exploration --- energy --- technology --- Power resources --- Renewable energy sources --- Nonrenewable natural resources --- Ressources énergétiques --- Énergies renouvelables --- Ressources non-renouvelables --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Energy --- Energy resources --- Power supply --- Natural resources --- Energy harvesting --- Energy industries --- Exhaustible resources --- Natural resources, Nonrenewable --- Non-renewable natural resources --- Economic aspects --- Ressources non renouvelables

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This paper provides an empirical benchmarking of growth, productivity and export patterns for developing NREs against other low and middle income developing countries, to inform policy discussions and future analytical work. There is stark heterogeneity in the association of resource sector and overall growth outcomes, by commodity and degree of dependence. Over the long term, inter-sectoral growth dynamics have been more muted for NREs than other developing countries, especially at lower incomes. Despite productivity convergence in mining, as expected, productivity growth in manufacturing and services was generally lower in NREs. Exceptions are few, in East Asia and the CIS area which experienced broad-based productivity growth. NRE product exports are more concentrated and relatively less complex, though we find increasingly diversified service export baskets. Technological progress and specialization in trade in services may offer diversification options for the future.

Nonrenewable natural resources --- Exports --- Economic development --- Non-renewable natural resources --- Exhaustible resources --- Natural resources, Nonrenewable --- Natural resources --- Economic aspects --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Global Outlook --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Trade: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- International economics --- Personal income --- Service exports --- Productivity --- Labor productivity --- National accounts --- International trade --- Production --- Income --- Industrial productivity --- Indonesia

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This thesis uses neoclassical growth models to evaluate what effect the limited availability of nonrenewable resources has on the economy’s (world’s) growth potential. Markus Merz concludes that recycling may serve as a mid-term solution to continued growth, but technological progress is needed in the long-run. The theoretical analysis starts with the well-known Dasgupta-Heal model and considers the effect of recycling and technological progress on the resource constraints; resource-augmenting and backstop technology are analyzed. After a thorough analysis of the models it is concluded that the ultimate solution to long-term economic growth is a backstop technology. Contents • An Introduction to Economic Growth Theory • The Dasgupta-Heal Model • Recycling as a Source of Regeneration • Technological Progress Target Groups • Teachers and students of economics with a focus on economic growth theory and natural resource economics • Executives and consultants in the field of natural resource, energy politics and in energy companies About The Author Markus Merz is a research fellow at the Department of Banking, University of Tuebingen. His research interests are access to finance, finance and growth and microeconomics of banking.

Economic theory. --- Economic policy. --- Economics. --- Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods. --- R & D/Technology Policy. --- Economic Policy. --- Recycling (Waste, etc.) --- Economic development --- Nonrenewable natural resources. --- Environmental aspects. --- Non-renewable natural resources --- Exhaustible resources --- Natural resources, Nonrenewable --- Nonrenewable natural resources --- Eco-development --- Ecodevelopment --- Conversion of waste products --- Recovery of natural resources --- Recovery of waste materials --- Resource recovery --- Waste recycling --- Waste reuse --- Economic aspects --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Economics --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man

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Nonrenewable natural resources --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Ressources naturelles non-renouvelables --- Pétrole --- Congresses --- Economic aspects --- Congrès --- Industrie et commerce --- Aspect économique --- AA / International- internationaal --- 338.013 --- Proceedings of the conference organized by the Centre for Economic Policy Research held in London on 10-11 June, 1985. --- NBB congres --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen. --- Conferences - Meetings --- Pétrole --- Congrès --- Aspect économique --- Proceedings of the conference organized by the Centre for Economic Policy Research held in London on 10-11 June, 1985 --- Non-renewable natural resources --- Exhaustible resources --- Natural resources, Nonrenewable --- Economic aspects&delete& --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen --- Energy industries --- Oil industries --- Natural resources --- National wealth

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This chapter examines whether funds can help countries pursue good macroeconomic, and especially fiscal policies, and consequent design issues. Nonrenewable resource funds (NRF) have been suggested as a way of dealing with the effects of price variability, making it easier to put revenues aside when prices are high so that they can be made available to maintain expenditures when prices are low. Funds may also serve as mechanisms to allow part of the nonrenewable resource wealth to be shared by future generations. A detailed evaluation of country experience suggests that NRFs have been associated with a variety of operating rules and fiscal policy experience. In several cases, rules have been bypassed or changed and they do not themselves seem to have effectively constrained spending, and the integration of the fund's operations with overall fiscal policy has often proven problematic. Whether the political economy arguments for an NRF outweigh the potential disadvantages will need to be considered based on the situation in each country.

Money. Monetary policy --- Public finance --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Finance, Public --- Sustainable development --- Nonrenewable natural resources --- Fiscal policy --- Finance --- -Fiscal policy --- beleid --- natuurlijke rijkdommen --- 336.2 --- investissements --- developpement durable --- richesses naturelles --- politique fiscale --- AA* / International - Internationaal --- 338.013 --- 331.31 --- 336.61 --- 336.030 --- 330.05 --- 333.7 --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Cameralistics --- Currency question --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Non-renewable natural resources --- Exhaustible resources --- Natural resources, Nonrenewable --- Natural resources --- Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen --- investeringen --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- fiscaal beleid --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen. --- Economisch beleid. --- Financieel beleid. --- Overheidsinkomsten. Belang, verdeling en evolutie. Begrotingsinkomsten: algemeenheden. --- Environmental aspects --- Government policy --- Economic aspects --- Working papers --- Fiscal policy. --- Sustainable development. --- Finance. --- Finance, Public. --- 336.2 Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief --- 336.2 Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen --- Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief --- Economisch beleid --- Overheidsinkomsten. Belang, verdeling en evolutie. Begrotingsinkomsten: algemeenheden --- Financieel beleid --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen --- Public finances --- Nonrenewable natural resources - Finance --- Budgeting --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Natural Resources --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Public finance & taxation --- Environmental management --- Budgeting & financial management --- International economics --- Expenditure --- Non-renewable resources --- Budget planning and preparation --- Oil prices --- Environment --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Expenditures, Public --- Budget --- Papua New Guinea