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Mutualism --- Congresses

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The most evident aspect of biodiversity is the variety of complex forms and behaviors among organisms, both living and extinct. Comparative molecular and physiological studies show that the evolution of complex phenotypic traits involves multiple levels of biological organization (i.e. genes, chromosomes, organelles, cells, individual organisms, species, etc.). Regardless of the specific molecular mechanisms and details, the evolution of different complex biological organizations share a commonality: cooperation and conflict among the parts of the biological unit under study. The potential for conflict among parts is abundant. How then do complex systems persist, given the necessity of cooperative behavior for their maintenance, when the potential for conflict occurs across all levels of biological organization? In this Research Topic and eBook we present ideas and work on the question, how coexistence of biological components at different levels of organization persists in the face of antagonistic, conflicting or even exploitative behavior of the parts? The goal of this topic is in presenting examples of cooperation and conflict at different levels of biological organization to discuss the consequences that this “tension” have had in the diversification and emergence of novel phenotypic traits. Exemplary cases are studies investigating: the evolution of genomes, formation of colonial aggregates of cells, biofilms, the origin and maintenance of multicellular organisms, and the stable coexistence of multispecies consortia producing a cooperative product. Altogether, we hope that the contributions to this Research Topic build towards mechanistic knowledge of the biological phenomenon of coexistence in the face of conflict. We believe that knowledge on the mechanisms of the origin and evolutionary maintenance of cooperation has implications beyond evolutionary biology such as novel approaches in controlling microbial infections in medicine and the modes by studies in synthetic biology are conducted when designing economically important microbial consortia.The most evident aspect of biodiversity is the variety of complex forms and behaviors among organisms, both living and extinct. Comparative molecular and physiological studies show that the evolution of complex phenotypic traits involves multiple levels of biological organization (i.e. genes, chromosomes, organelles, cells, individual organisms, species, etc.). Regardless of the specific molecular mechanisms and details, the evolution of different complex biological organizations share a commonality: cooperation and conflict among the parts of the biological unit under study. The potential for conflict among parts is abundant. How then do complex systems persist, given the necessity of cooperative behavior for their maintenance, when the potential for conflict occurs across all levels of biological organization? In this Research Topic and eBook we present ideas and work on the question, how coexistence of biological components at different levels of organization persists in the face of antagonistic, conflicting or even exploitative behavior of the parts? The goal of this topic is in presenting examples of cooperation and conflict at different levels of biological organization to discuss the consequences that this “tension” have had in the diversification and emergence of novel phenotypic traits. Exemplary cases are studies investigating: the evolution of genomes, formation of colonial aggregates of cells, biofilms, the origin and maintenance of multicellular organisms, and the stable coexistence of multispecies consortia producing a cooperative product. Altogether, we hope that the contributions to this Research Topic build towards mechanistic knowledge of the biological phenomenon of coexistence in the face of conflict. We believe that knowledge on the mechanisms of the origin and evolutionary maintenance of cooperation has implications beyond evolutionary biology such as novel approaches in controlling microbial infections in medicine and the modes by studies in synthetic biology are conducted when designing economically important microbial consortia.

Antagonism --- Microbial Interactions --- Mutualism --- cooperation --- conflict

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Comment la politique peut-elle retrouver une capacité d'intervention pour améliorer les conditions de vie sur les territoires ? La question est au centre de ce livre coécrit par des acteurs sociaux, des responsables publics et des chercheurs. En effet, il existe depuis une trentaine d'années un foisonnement d'initiatives qui veulent concilier économie et solidarité (commerce équitable, coopératives populaires, services de proximité, gestion des services urbains par les habitants, systèmes et réseaux d'échange, autoproduction, agriculture et magasins biologiques, restaurants interculturels de femmes, créations d'activités par les chômeurs, autres formes d'entreprenariats collectifs…). Menées par des associations très diverses, elles témoignent d'une dynamique réelle de la société civile dépassant largement les modes de réparation sociale ou de survie pour aller vers des activités porteuses de développement durable. Ce qui est nouveau, c'est que les politiques publiques, questionnées lors des dernières décennies par ces pratiques, commencent à les prendre en compte aux niveaux national, régional et local. Les expériences dans deux pays particulièrement concernés, France et Brésil, sont ici restituées, permettant ainsi une comparaison Nord-Sud. Dans des contextes différents, la question de la relation entre action publique et économie solidaire devient un enjeu fondamental pour la construction sociale d'une alternative à la mondialisation libérale.

Mutualism --- Mutualism --- Economics --- Sociological aspects. --- France --- Brazil --- Economic policy --- Economic policy.

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A mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species of organism in which both benefit from the association. With a focus on mutualisms between ants and aphids, coccids, membracids and lycaenids, this volume provides a detailed account of the many different facets of mutualisms. Mutualistic interactions not only affect the two partners, but can also have consequences for higher levels of organization. By linking theory to case studies, the authors present an integrated account of processes and patterns of mutualistic interactions at different levels of organisation, from individuals to communities to ecosystems. Interactions between ants and their insect partners and their outcomes are explained from a resource-based, cost-benefit perspective. Covering a fascinating and growing subject in modern ecology, this book will be of interest to community and evolutionary ecologists and entomologists, at both research and graduate student level.

Evolution. Phylogeny --- General ecology and biosociology --- Insects. Springtails --- Mutualism (Biology) --- Ants --- Ecology --- Symbiosis --- Ecology.

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Symbiosis --- Symbiose --- Consortism --- Commensalism --- Mutualism --- Endosymbiosis --- Biology --- Symbiogenesis --- Mycorrhizae --- Endophytes --- endosymbiosis --- trophic relationships --- actinorhizae --- chemosymbiosis --- commensalism --- kleptoplasty --- mutualism --- mycorrhizae --- photosymbiosis --- allelopathy --- bacteriome --- coral bleaching --- fungus gardening --- symbionts --- synanthropes --- Symbiosis.