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Innovation is increasingly based on distributed knowledge sources, given that firms often do not possess all competencies necessary for fundamental innovations. Hence, the manner in which firms organize the access to external knowledge and make use of this knowledge in internal innovation processes is crucial for the success of innovation. Learning processes have to be organized across organizational, spaƠtial, functional, and disciplinary boundaries - in particular with regard to collaƠboƠraƠtion between knowledge producing and knowledge using firms, suppliers, clients, diverse knowledge based service providers, or research and development centers and universities. The crucial point is how external knowledge gathered in these collaborations can be used within the organization. At this juncture, a specific recontextualization probƠlem arises for firms, because the successful adoption of externally created knowledge depends on shared experiences of actors and the specific context of the organization where the knowledge has been created. Therefore, externally created knowledge whichmay be incorporated into routines, products, services, and documents has to be (re- )contextualized and recombined using context specific and subjective exƠpeƠriences, perceptions, and capabilities of the involved actors. It is the solution of reƠcontextualization problems that poses the particular challenge of collaborative inƠnoƠvation processes. The research project "Collaborative Innovations" (COLLIN) started from the assumption that hierarchical, market, network, and community based forms of goƠvernance play a crucial role for the adoption of external knowledge. Due to their different characteristics with regard to the access to the formation process of the external knowledge as well as the proprietary use of the acquired knowledge the respective governance forms facilitate different ways of dealing with external knowƠledge in collaborative innovation processes.

Knowledge economy.

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In current discourse the knowledge economy is viewed as the primary saviour of European competitiveness. By increasingly focusing on economic activities that utilise knowledge and innovation as the primary value-adding feature rather than cheap labour or available raw materials the EU should be able to increase its constantly weakening competitive position vis-à-vis North America and the fast growing economies in South and Southeast Asia. In the Lisbon European Council in March 2000, the European Union set a strategic goal for the next decade "of becoming the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion". There is thus an implicit expectation that an increasingly knowledge-based economy would automatically generate larger economic growth and prosperity. Before trying to illuminate further on that issue there is however a need to establish exactly how the knowledge economy could be operationalised to quantifiable measures. A generally utilised option here is the division of the knowledge economy into input and output variables. The former could be characterised as the actual endowments of the knowledge production system and include such issues as the educational level and knowledge of the population, the social capital of the population, the amount of money invested into education or the number of students, investments into research and development (R&D), etc. Output variables could be regarded as measurements of the economic or other output of the regional research environment and include, in addition to direct economic measurements such as GDP, issues such as the number of issued patents or patent applications or employment within certain knowledge-intensive branches. Thus the main question here centres on the patterns of knowledge economy inputs and outputs in Europe and how are these distributed among the regions of the continent.

Knowledge economy.

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Knowledge economy.

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"Leboncoin, Doctolib ou Airbnb : nous sommes de plus en plus souvent mis en relation par des plateformes. Que représentent ces nouvelles entités économiques ? Quelles règles régissent les échanges en leur sein ?Sont-elles porteuses de liberté et d'ouverture ou au contraire de contrôle de nos vies personnelles ? Cet ouvrage permet de comprendre le fonctionnement des plateformes multifaces, leurs caractéristiques et conditions d'existence. Il analyse notamment les effets de réseau, directs et indirects, qui sont au cœur de cette nouvelle économie. Sont également exposées les stratégies caractéristiques de ce modèle d'affaires, en particulier la tarification, les stratégies non tarifaires ainsi que les stratégies de lancement. La spécificité de ce livre est de ne pas s'en tenir à une approche microéconomique ou d'économie industrielle. Il étudie également les défaillances de marché et les politiques publiques qui en découlent. Au-delà, il s'intéresse aux enjeux macroéconomiques en termes de croissance et d'inégalités."--Quatrième de couv.

Knowledge economy. --- Information technology --- Economic aspects.

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'Citizen Knowledge' discusses how various forms of knowledge are dealt with in societies that combine a democratic political system with a capitalist economic system. How do citizens learn about politics? How are scientific insights taken up in politics? What role can markets play for processing decentralized knowledge? Lisa Herzog argues that the fraught relation between democracy and capitalism gets out of balance if too much knowledge is treated according to the logic of markets. Complex societies need different mechanisms for dealing with knowledge, among which democratic deliberation and expert communities are central. 'Citizen Knowledge' develops the vision of an egalitarian society that considers the use of knowledge in society a matter of shared democratic responsibility.

Political science. --- Knowledge economy. --- Economics. --- Democracy. --- Democracy --- Economics --- Knowledge economy --- Markets --- Political science