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À la différence du commerce BtoC, qui donne lieu depuis quarante ans à de très nombreux travaux, le commerce de gros (encore dénommé commerce inter-entreprises ou intermédiation BtoB) n'a pas vraiment retenu l'attention du milieu académique, posant la question de l'attractivité du secteur aux yeux de générations d'étudiants. Ainsi, pendant longtemps, les grossistes ont été présentés comme des acteurs passifs, non créateurs de valeur, incapables d'initier des démarches managériales et technologiques innovantes. Seuls seraient légitimes à revendiquer ces démarches ceux qui conçoivent et fabriquent les produits (les producteurs), ou bien ceux qui interagissent avec le consommateur final (les détaillants), privant de fait les entreprises du commerce de gros d'un rôle actif dans la modernisation des chaînes de valeur. Pourtant, le commerce de gros représente une activité économique considérable, tant par les volumes d'affaires en jeu, que par le nombre d'entreprises et les effectifs impliqués dans la plupart des pays occidentaux, mais aussi dans les pays en voie de développement. Un grand nombre de grossistes sont ainsi porteurs d'innovations majeures en matière de logistique et de gestion des relations. L'objectif est ici de donner à voir le potentiel que recèle ce type de commerce lorsqu'il est posé comme un objet d'investigation de première importance. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de se doter de nouveaux outils afin d'identifier les interrogations pouvant lui être rattachées, et y apporter des éléments de réponse. Cet ouvrage, original et pionnier, réalisé dans le cadre de la Chaire de Recherche CGI avec la collaboration d'EMLyon Business School et du Cret-log d'Aix-Marseille Université, s'adresse à un large public de lecteurs exigeants : chercheurs confirmés ou en formation, enseignants, étudiants en École ou à l'Université, consultants, et plus largement, managers de fonctions support et/ou impliqués dans des prises de décision stratégiques. Ils trouveront dans les différents chapitres, écrits par des auteurs de renommée internationale, à la fois une réflexion conceptuelle de haut niveau sur les logiques d'intermédiation, et des applications, particulièrement pertinentes, à une multiplicité de contextes et de secteurs d'activité.

Wholesale trade. --- Intermediate goods.

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The authors show in this paper that increasing the transparency of the trading environment can be an important complement to traditional liberalization of tariff and non-tariff barriers. Our definition of transparency is grounded in a transaction cost analysis. The authors focus on two dimensions of transparency: predictability (reducing the cost of uncertainty) and simplification (reducing information costs). Using the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member economies as a case study, the authors construct indices of importer and exporter transparency for the region from a wide range of sources. Our results from a gravity model suggest that improving trade-related transparency in APEC could hold significant benefits by raising intra-APEC trade by proximately USD 148 billion or 7.5 pecent of baseline trade in the region.

Cost Analysis --- Economic Development --- Economic Theory and Research --- Empirical Evidence --- Empirical Research --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Intermediate Goods --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy Instruments --- Producers --- Property Rights --- Transaction Costs --- Welfare Gains

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This paper shows that the institutional environment and the ability to export on time are sources of comparative advantage as important as factors of production. In particular, the ability to export on time is crucial to explain comparative advantage in intermediate goods. These findings underscore the importance of investing in infrastructure and fostering trade facilitation to boost a country's participation in production networks. Furthermore, the paper contributes to the so-called "distance puzzle" by showing that the increasing importance of distance over time is in part driven by trade in intermediate goods.

Bilateral Trade --- Capital Goods --- Comparative Advantage --- Economic Theory & Research --- End Use --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Exports --- Factors of Production --- Final Goods --- Free Trade --- Intermediate Goods --- International Economics and Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Quality of Transport --- Trade Facilitation --- Trade Policy --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning

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Subsidies and cross-subsidies in the energy sector are common throughout Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In Belarus, revenues from an industrial tariff on electricity are used to cross-subsidize heating for households. Input-output (IO) data and a household consumption survey are used to analyze the distributional impacts of this cross-subsidization. This paper illustrates cost shares and electricity-intensity of different sectors and consumption categories and uses the IO data to obtain first-order estimates of the distributional incidence of policy reform. The paper then analyzes distributional impacts of subsidy reform with a Computable General Equilibrium model. Although poorer households benefit from reduced heating costs, the increase in prices of other consumer goods due to higher electricity prices more than offsets the benefits they receive from the subsidies. The analysis finds that the current cross-subsidies are regressive, and policy reform would be highly progressive.

Agriculture --- Approach --- Banking --- Benchmark --- Benchmark data --- Capital --- Capital returns --- Commodities --- Commodity --- Communication --- Competition --- Consumer demand --- Consumer good --- Consumer goods --- Consumer groups --- Consumer prices --- Consumers --- Consumption --- Cost increase --- Cost of electricity --- Cost of funds --- Costs --- Customer --- Customers --- Demand --- Developing economy --- Development policy --- Distribution --- District heating --- Domestic market --- Domestic price --- Economic cooperation --- Economic development --- Economic statistics --- Economic systems --- Economic theory & research --- Economics literature --- Elasticity --- Elasticity of substitution --- Electricity --- Electricity prices --- Emerging markets --- Energy --- Energy price --- Energy prices --- Energy production and transportation --- Equilibrium --- Equilibrium analysis --- Equilibrium price --- Equilibrium prices --- Exchange --- Expenditure --- Expenditures --- Export market --- Exports --- Externalities --- Factors of production --- Foreign exchange --- Fossil --- Fossil fuel --- Fuel --- Fuels --- Functional forms --- General equilibrium analysis --- Goods --- Heat --- Household analysis --- Income --- Income group --- Income groups --- Income levels --- Incomes --- Inputs --- Intermediate goods --- International markets --- Inventory --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Marginal cost --- Market --- Markets --- Markets & market access --- Multipliers --- Natural resources --- Oil --- Oil products --- Optimization --- Output --- Outputs --- Payments --- Perfect competition --- Price --- Price change --- Price changes --- Price index --- Price levels --- Prices --- Pricing --- Pricing policy --- Pricing scheme --- Private sector development --- Product --- Production --- Production costs --- Production function --- Production functions --- Production increases --- Production of coke --- Production structure --- Products --- Rate of return --- Real estate --- Rent --- Residential energy --- Revenue --- Savings --- Share --- Shares --- Subsidies --- Subsidization --- Subsidy --- Substitute --- Substitutes --- Substitution --- Supply --- Supply costs --- Tariff --- Tax --- Tax rate --- Tax rates --- Taxes --- Theory --- Total output --- Trade --- Transition economies --- Transport --- Transport economics policy and planning --- Trends --- Utility --- Utility functions --- Value --- Value added --- Variables --- Wealth --- Welfare