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Since 1982, Ras proteins have been the subject of intense research investigation by the biomedical research community. The wide interest in Ras has been stimulated for three key reasons. First, their frequent mutational activation in human cancers establishes Ras proteins as important mediators of oncogenesis and targets for anti-cancer drug discovery. Second, Ras proteins act as signalling nodes activated by diverse extracellular stimuli, and activated Ras in turn regulates a diversity of cytoplasmic signalling networks. Third, Ras proteins are founding members of a large superfamily of Ras-related small GTPases. Over 150 Ras-related small GTPases are found in the human genome, with orthologs found in all vertebrate species and invertebrates. This book features chapters by leading investigators in the field that highlight the current state-of-the art in Ras biochemistry, structure and biology. This book is an excellent reference for students in the biomedical sciences and for investigators in the field.

GTPase-activating protein. --- Guanosine triphosphatase genes. --- Guanosine triphosphatase. --- Ras oncogenes. --- Ras proteins. --- G proteins --- Guanosine triphosphatase --- GAP (Protein) --- Proteins --- Ras genes --- Guanosine triphosphatase genes --- Oncogenes --- GTP phosphohydrolase --- GTPase --- Guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase --- Guanosinetriphosphatase --- Phosphatases --- Genes

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“Symmetry Breaking in Cells and Tissues” presents a collection of seventeen reviews, opinions and original research papers contributed by theoreticians, physicists and mathematicians, as well as experimental biologists, united by a common interest in biological pattern formation and morphogenesis. The contributors discuss diverse manifestations of symmetry breaking in biology and showcase recent developments in experimental and theoretical approaches to biological morphogenesis and pattern formation on multiple scales.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- actin waves --- curved proteins --- dynamic instability --- podosomes --- diffusion --- cell polarity --- Cdc42 --- stress --- cellular memory --- phase separation --- prions --- apoptotic extrusion --- oncogenic extrusion --- contractility --- actomyosin --- bottom-up synthetic biology --- motor proteins --- pattern formation --- self-organization --- cell motility --- signal transduction --- actin dynamics --- intracellular waves --- polarization --- direction sensing --- symmetry-breaking --- biphasic responses --- reaction-diffusion --- membrane and cortical tension --- cell fusion --- cortexillin --- cytokinesis --- Dictyostelium --- myosin --- symmetry breaking --- cytoplasmic flow --- phase-space analysis --- nonlinear waves --- actin polymerization --- bifurcation theory --- mass conservation --- spatial localization --- activator–inhibitor models --- developmental transitions --- cell polarization --- mathematical model --- fission yeast --- reaction–diffusion model --- small GTPases --- Cdc42 oscillations --- pseudopod --- Ras activation --- cytoskeleton --- chemotaxis --- neutrophils --- natural variation --- modelling --- activator-substrate mechanism --- mass-conserved models --- intracellular polarization --- partial differential equations --- sensitivity analysis --- GTPase activating protein (GAP) --- fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe --- CRY2-CIBN --- optogenetics --- clustering --- positive feedback --- network evolution --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- polarity --- modularity --- neutrality --- n/a